Showing posts with label IBPS. Show all posts
Showing posts with label IBPS. Show all posts

Thursday, 17 February 2022

Brief Glimpse of Goa :

 History of Goa

Goa is one of the Indian states that remained under colonial rule for 451 years. The history of Goa dates back to the 3rd century. Several dynasties ruled over Goa: Mauryas was the first, then followed by the Satvahanas, Chalukyas, and in the end, the Shilharas and Kadambas. Goa passed into the hands of the Mughals in 1312. In 1510, the Portuguese captured Goa, and in 1961 Goa attained freedom from the Portuguese. However, in 1987 it got the status of statehood.

Goa has numerous historical monuments and eye-catching sights. For the historically inclined, Goa is just ethereal. There are several Churches in Goa that testify to the rich historical past of the city. Some of the famous Churches in Goa are; Mary Immaculate Conception, Reis Magos Church, St. Anne Church, Church of St. Augustine, St. Paul Church, etc. Goa is also home to numerous forts and museums that offer glimpses of a culturally rich state.

Weather in Goa


The weather in Goa somehow remains moderate. Goa lies in the tropical zone and is also bordered by the Arabian Sea on the West. It experiences hot and humid weather throughout the year. But the one good thing about the state is that its temperature is always under control. Neither do the summers get very hot or do the winters get extremely cold.

Beaches in Goa


Goa is home to some of the finest beaches in the world. One of the reasons for the popularity of Goa is its sun-kissed beaches. The Goa beaches have an abundance of not only clear waters and shimmering sands but flea markets and open shacks that sell mouthwatering Goan cuisine along with a whole lot of music and dance. Goa has two parts North and South. The beaches are also divided accordingly.

The beaches in North Goa are meant for the party lovers, whereas the South Goa beaches are more serene and tranquil and act as ideal spots for couples in search of privacy. Some of the most stunning beaches in Goa are Candolim Beach, Baga, Arambol, Vagator, Benaulim Beach, and Palolem Beach.

Tourist Attractions in Goa


  • Fort Aguada
  • Basilica de Bom Jesus
  • Chapora Fort
  • Secretariat from the array of history and culture
  • Church & Convent of St Francis of Assisi
  • Church of Our Lady of the Rosary and Royal Chapel of St Anthony
  • Church of Our Lady of Immaculate Conception
  • Ancestral Goa museum
  • Bhagwan Mahavir Wildlife Sanctuary and
  • Salim Ali Bird Sanctuary

When to Visit Goa


Tourists mostly flock to Goa during the winter months. Another good time to visit Goa would be during the Monsoons. Planning a trip to this state should be avoided in May as this is the hottest month with the mercury shooting up to 35 °C.

How to Reach Goa


Goa is well-connected by a broad network. Travelling to Goa is extremely easy as it is connected with several national and state highways. The roads in Goa are pretty decent, which makes travelling a lot easier. The best way to travel to Goa is by bus from Mumbai or Pune. The journey is very smooth and offers some of the most enthralling visual sights.

Goa is well linked to the other parts of the country by rail. Cities like Mumbai, Chennai, and Pune share a strong railway network with Goa. Numerous trains travel to Goa almost daily from these cities. Some of the trains that travel frequently to Goa include; the Mas Vasco Express, Cstm Karwar Express, Cstm Karwar Spl, and the Ernakulam Express. Trains from Mumbai generally take about 9 hours to Goa. Goa has two major railway stations situated at Margao and Vasco-da-Gama.

The best way to travel to Goa is by flight. Almost all the important cities in India share a good air network with Goa.

Most of the domestic and international flights fly to and from Goa. Some of the popular flights to Goa include; Air India, Spicejet, Jet Airways, Indian Airlines, Indigo, Air Deccan, and Go Air.

Goa State Information

CapitalPanaji
Date of formation30 May, 1987
GovernorBhagat Singh Koshyari (additional charge)
Chief MinisterPramod Sawant
Tourist attractionsAnjuna, Arambol, Basilica of Born Jesus, Se Cathedral
FestivalsCarnival, Feast of St. Francis Xavier, Shigmotsav, Bonderam Festival
Major dance and music formsShigmo dance, Manddo, Durpod
Arts and craftsTerracotta or baked clay figurines, utensils etc; crochet tablecloths, curtains, covers, handkerchiefs; cane and bamboo fish traps, mats, baskets.
LanguagesKonkani, Marathi
Size3,702 sq. km
Population (Census 2011)1458545
RiversMandovi, Zuari, Terekhol, Chapora, Sal, and others
Forests and wildlife sanctuariesBondla WS, Mollem NP, Dr Salim Ali Bird Sanctuary, Cotigoa WS, and many more
State animalGaur
State birdFlame-throated bulbul
State treeCoconut palm Cocos nucifera Matti Terminalia crenulata
Major cropsPaddy, ragi, maize, cashew
FactoidsGoa, Daman and Diu were liberated in 1961 and officially became a part of India in 1962.
No. of District2

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India is all set to Lunch It's Green Energy Policy? Why in New? Know All about it.

 The government is to announce the first part of the National Green Hydrogen policy on February 17, power minister Raj Kumar Singh has said, a move aimed at making India energy-independent and also meeting its climate commitments.

The government would allow free power transmission to renewable energy units set up by green-hydrogen producers and power banking facility for 30 days, Singh has said.

The second phase, which would require the approval of the Union Cabinet, would follow soon.

Prime Minister Narendra Modi announced the National Hydrogen Mission on Independence Day in 2021, with the ambition to boost the growth of green hydrogen in India to work towards being energy independent.

Green hydrogen refers to the hydrogen generated from electrolysis of water, with the entire process run on renewable energy. Green hydrogen has the potential to be the enabler of transition to sustainable energy.

In the industry, the colour is assigned based on the source of electricity that is used to generate the hydrogen molecule. Brown hydrogen is for coal, grey for natural gas and blue if it is produced from natural gas with a process of steam methane reforming.

As climate change and global warming concerns mount and countries across the world commit to reducing emissions, green hydrogen has triggered a lot of interest given its ability to generate large-scale energy with a low carbon footprint.

With recent advances in technology, drop in prices, growing competition and government incentives, experts believe the green energy sector will take off over the next few years.

Several private sector companies have already made commitments towards working on green hydrogen production. Here’s a look at who is planning what:

Reliance Industries Ltd (RIL)

RIL chairman Mukesh Ambani has announced a plan to invest Rs 75,000 crore over the next three years to build a new clean-energy business aimed at meeting the conglomerate’s commitment to be net carbon neutral by 2035.

The plan entails three parts—a Rs 60,000-crore investment in four giga factories that will manufacture and fully integrate all the critical components for the business; a Rs 15,000-crore investment in building the value chain, partnerships and future technologies, including upstream and downstream industries and repurposing the company’s engineering, project management and construction capabilities toward clean energy.

Green hydrogen would be a priority, as Ambani said the group aims to offer hydrogen energy at under $1 a kg in a decade.

In October 2021, RIL arm Reliance New Energy Solar Limited (RNESL) signed a memorandum of understanding with Danish company Stiesdal A/S to partner and cooperate on the completion, development, and subsequent manufacturing of hydrogen electrolysers being developed by the latter in India.

RIL also aims to be one of the largest producers of blue hydrogen globally by using petroleum coke.

GAIL (India) Ltd

The state-run company is geared up to build India’s largest green-hydrogen facility over the next 12-14 months.

It aims to supplement its natural gas business with carbon-free fuel, as investors increase focus on environmental, social, and governance (ESG) parameters.

Last year, GAIL chairman and managing director Manoj Jain said the company launched a global tender to procure electrolyser that could produce 4.5 ton a day of hydrogen.

The company recently started a first-of-its-kind project of mixing hydrogen in the natural gas system at Indore, on pilot basis.

Indian Oil Corporation Ltd (IOC)

The company plans to build the country’s first green- hydrogen plant at its Mathura refinery.

The oil-marketing company has also has in-principle approval for an investment of Rs 100 crore for setting up green-hydrogen fuel infrastructure at Kochi and Thiruvanantuapuram as a pilot.

NTPC Ltd

The state-run power utility bagged the country’s first green hydrogen microgrid project at its Simhadri plant in Andhra Pradesh.

In July 2021, its arm NTPC Renewable Energy Ltd called a domestic tender to set up India’s first green hydrogen fuelling station in Leh, Ladakh.

The company plans to use the electricity generated from its upcoming renewable energy projects to generate green hydrogen on commercial scale.

Larsen & Toubro Ltd

The engineering major is keen to enter the green- hydrogen space and has already tied up with companies working on the technology.

L&T signed a pact with Norway-based electrolyser technology and manufacturer HydrogenPro AS to set up a unit in India.

As per the memorandum of understanding, L&T and HydrogenPro will work towards setting up of a gigawatt-scale manufacturing unit for alkaline water electrolysers  based on HydrogenPro technology.

In December, L&T tied up with Nasdaq-listed ReNew Power to jointly develop, own, execute and operate green hydrogen projects in India.

Adani Group

Billionaire Gautam Adani has said that the Adani Group hopes to become one of the largest green-hydrogen producers in the world, which could subsequently help India emerge as world’s cheapest hydrogen producer.

The group is investing $20 billion in renewable energy generation over the next decade and is keen to use for producing green hydrogen.

Bharat Petroleum Corporation Ltd (BPCL) 

The company has collaborated with Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) to work on alkaline electrolyser technology for Green Hydrogen production.

The company aims to scale up production of the electrolyser for commercial use, especially in refineries.

Many other companies, such as ReNew Power, ACME Group and JSW Group, are working towards entering the green-hydrogen ecosystem.

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Monday, 14 February 2022

Supreme court refuses plea for including madrasas, Vedic schools under RTE

The Supreme Court has refused to intervene in a petition challenging sections of the Right to Education Act of 2009 which exclude vedic pathsalas , madrasas and institutions imparting religious education from its ambit.

  • The Court observed that the exclusion of these institutions was specifically inserted into the 2009 Act by an amendment of August 2012 and since then there has never been any controversy in the past decade.

What’s the issue?

The petitioner said, Right of a child should not be restricted only to free education, but must be extended to have equal quality education without discrimination on the ground of child’s social economic and cultural background. Therefore, the court may declare Sections 1(4) and 1(5) of the 2009 Act arbitrary and irrational.

Sections 1(4) and 1(5) of the 2009 Act:

Section 1(5) of the Act states, “Nothing contained in this Act shall apply to madrasas, Vedic pathshalas and educational institutions primarily imparting religious instruction”.

Section 1(4) says, “Subject to the provisions of Articles 29 and 30 of the Constitution, the provisions of this Act shall apply to conferment of rights on children to free and compulsory education.

  • Article 29 and 30 contain provisions securing rights of minorities and minority-run institutions.

Constitutional Provisions regarding Minority Educational Institutions:

Article 30(1) recognizes linguistic and religious minorities but not those based on race, ethnicity.

  • It recognizes the right of religious and linguistic minorities to establish and administer educational institutions, in effect recognizing the role educational institutions play in preserving distinct culture.
  • A majority community can also establish and administer educational institutions but they will not enjoy special rights under Article 30(1)(a).

 

Special rights enjoyed by religious minority institutions are:

  1. Under Art 30(1)(a), MEI enjoy right to education as a Fundamental Right. In case the property is taken over by state, due compensation to be provided to establish institutions elsewhere
  2. Under Article 15(5), MEIs are not considered for reservation
  3. Under Right to Education Act, MEI not required to provide admission to children in the age group of 6-14 years upto 25% of enrolment reserved for economically backward section of society
  4. In St Stephens vs Delhi University case, 1992, SC ruled that MEIs can have 50% seats reserved for minorities
  5. In TMA Pai & others vs State of Karnataka & others 2002 case, SC ruled that MEIs can have separate admission process which is fair, transparent and merit based. They can also separate fee structure but should not charge capitation fee.

 

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Tuesday, 8 February 2022

ICC U-19 World Cup 2022

 

Key Facts

2022 ICC Under-19 Cricket World Cup

It was an international limited-overs cricket tournament, held in January-February 2022 in West Indies. 16 teams took part in the game. It was the fourteenth edition of Under-19 Cricket World Cup. It was the first tournament, held in West Indies. Bangladesh were the defending champions.

Background

Cricket West Indies confirmed in March 2021 that the format would be same as previous editions, where team competing to progress to the Plate and Super League phases of this tournament. The ICC confirmed full schedule for this tournament in November 2021.

Venue for matches

Matches were played in Antigua, Saint Kitts, Guyana, and Trinidad. Final match was played at Sir Vivian Richards Stadium in Antigua.

Why New Zealand withdrew?

New Zealand withdrew from the tournament because of extensive mandatory quarantine restrictions for minors on their return home. Scotland was named as their replacement.

First team to the final

England was the first team to reach final of the tournament, after beating Afghanistan by 15 runs in first Super League semi-final match. England reached to final for the first time, since winning 1998 tournament in South Africa. In the second semi-final, India won against Australia by 96 runs.

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Intensified Mission Indradhanush (IMI) 4.0

Key Facts

  • India is running the largest inoculation drive globally in which more than 3 crore pregnant women and 2.6 crore children are covered through Universal Immunisation Programme annually.
  • The IMI 4.0 will have three rounds and it will be conducted across 416 districts, across 33 states and UTs. It also includes 75 districts identified for Azadi ka Amrit Mahotsav.
  • On the occasion, IMI 4.0 portal was also launched.
  • Minister also released the “Operational Guidelines for IMI 4.0 – “Strengthening Immunisation in Urban Areas-A framework for Action”. It is a handbook for “Mahila Arogya Samiti on Urban Immunisation”.

Significance of the programme

  • This programme will immensely contribute in filling the gaps as well as make lasting gains for universal immunisation.
  • It will ensure that Routine Immunisation (RI) services reaches to the unvaccinated and partially vaccinated children & pregnant women.

First round of IMI 4.0

First round of the IMI 4.0 will be implemented during February 2022 to April 2022. In the first round, 11 States will conduct IMI 4.0. These states include Assam, Gujarat, Uttarakhand, Meghalaya, Jammu and Kashmir, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim, Rajasthan, Chhattisgarh and Tripura.

Second Round of IMI 4.0

Second Round of IMI 4.0 will be implemented from April 2022 to May 2022, across 22 States. These States and UTs, include Himachal Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Bihar, Odisha, Delhi, Puducherry, Punjab, Tamil Nadu, Goa, Telangana, Haryana, Jharkhand, Kerala, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh and West Bengal.

When was mission Indradhanush launched?

Prime Minister Narendra Modi launched Mission Indradhanush in December 2014, with the aim of increasing full immunisation coverage. It was launched for covering partially and unvaccinated children and pregnant women, in pockets of high-risk, hard-to-reach and low immunisation coverage areas. This mission was focused on protecting them from vaccine preventable diseases.  This mission was also identified as one of the flagship schemes under Gram Swaraj Abhiyan and Extended Gram Swaraj Abhiyan.


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J&K Kanchoth Festival

 

  • The festival was celebrated amid braving heavy snowfall and extreme cold wave conditions.
  • Local residents including women got dressed in traditional fineries and observed fast. They then thronged temples for offering prayers. They hoped that the deity can help end the covid-19 pandemic.
  • This age-old festival is celebrated by Hindus, specifically Nag followers.
  • Nag followers believe that, on this day of Gouri tritiya, Lord Shiva and goddess Parvati got married. Goddess Parvati asked for a throne made of snow as her wedding gift. Thus, snowfall during the festival is considered a good omen.

Functions at Jatanai Village

One of the main functions of festival was observed at hill top Jatanai village in Chinchora panchayat. It is 30 km from Bhaderwah. At the function, women of all ages were clad in bridal costumes. They came out in large numbers wading through snow to reach the nearby temple for celebrating the festival.

Celebrations at other places

Apart from Bhaderwah (Mini Kashmir of India), celebrations were reported from Kotli, Ghata, Mathola, Gupt Ganga, Khakhal, Kapra, Chinnote, Bheja, Bhalra, Chinchora and other temples of the area. Festival was celebrated by married women for praying long life of their husband.

How long is this festival celebrated?

The festival is observed for three days. During this period, married women go in neighbourhood for offering ‘Thel’ (respect) to one and all irrespective of religion, age, creed & caste, and gender. In return, they get their blessing of ‘Suhagan Bho’ (wish your husband a long life).

Significance of the festival

This day is considered pious for married women. They pray to goddess Gauri for long and healthy life of her husband. Bridal suits, Bangles, bindis, sindur, and mehndi’ are considered sanctimonious and are offered to the goddess. These are worn by the fasting women.


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J&K in National Single Window System

 The UT has been integrated to facilitate investment in the region. With this the global investors can apply for their business approvals in online mode. With this, the union territory is being linked in to a big network of partnerships. These partnerships include both domestic and foreign companies. The integration will make Jammu and Kashmir more competitive.

Background

The reforms being introduced in Kashmir are bringing in more investments. In 2021 alone, Kashmir received Rs 70,000 crores of investment. The key driving factor for these investments is the Industrial Development Scheme. The scheme was announced in January 2021 with a total outlay of Rs 28,400 crores.

Current Scenario

Jammu and Kashmir is right now in a new stage of development. The central government is providing focused growth in dynamic sectors such as horticulture, real estate and tourism. The focus is mainly on increasing employment opportunities. This way, the energy of the youths can be diverted towards productive works. And their involvement towards terrorist and anti – governmental mishaps shall be reduced.

Nodal Agency

The Department of Industries and Commerce is the current nodal agency in implementing the industrial reforms in the union territory. The department will make sure the Jammu and Kashmir administration is complying to the Business Reform Action Plan, 2022 and Regulatory Compliance Burden, 2022.

What is National Single Window System?

It is a digital platform where the investors can identify and apply for approvals. It also provides advisory services. Also, the portal gives updated information about the approvals.


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Monday, 7 February 2022

Delimitation Panel

Overview:

The Jammu and Kashmir Delimitation Commission (headed by retired Supreme Court Judge Justice Ranjana Prakash Desai) has submitted its interim report. As per the report:

 

Delimitation exercise in J&K- a timeline:

  1. The first delimitation exercise, carving out 25 assembly constituencies in the then state, was carried out by a Delimitation Committee in 1951.
  2. The first full-fledged Delimitation Commission was formed in 1981 and it submitted its recommendations in 1995 on the basis of 1981 Census. Since then, there has been no delimitation.
  3. In 2020, the Delimitation Commission was constituted to carry out the exercise on the basis of 2011 Census, with a mandate to add seven more seats to the Union Territory’ and grant reservations to SC and ST communities.
  4. Now, the total number of seats in Jammu and Kashmir will be raised to 90 from the previous 83. This is apart from 24 seats which have been reserved for areas of PoK and have to be kept vacant in the Assembly.

  

What is delimitation and why is it needed?

The Delimitation Commission for Jammu and Kashmir was constituted by the Centre on March 6 last year to redraw Lok Sabha and assembly constituencies of the union territory in accordance with the provisions of the Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019 and Delimitation Act, 2002, passed by the Centre in August 2019 along with other J&K-specific Bills.

 

What is Delimitation?

Delimitation literally means the process of fixing limits or boundaries of territorial constituencies in a state that has a legislative body.

 

Who carries out the exercise?

  • Delimitation is undertaken by a highly powerful commission. They are formally known as Delimitation Commission or Boundary Commission.
  • These bodies are so powerful that its orders have the force of law and they cannot be challenged before any court.

 

Composition of the Commission:

According to the Delimitation Commission Act, 2002, the Delimitation Commission will have three members: a serving or retired judge of the Supreme Court as the chairperson, and the Chief Election Commissioner or Election Commissioner nominated by the CEC and the State Election Commissioner as ex-officio members.

 

Constitutional Provisions:

  1. Under Article 82, the Parliament enacts a Delimitation Act after every Census.
  2. Under Article 170, States also get divided into territorial constituencies as per Delimitation Act after every Census.
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