RRB NTPC 2022 CBT-2 Memory Based Questions with Answers PDF: Download General Awareness GA/GK/Current Affairs Exam Paper

 1. Babar related question:

Answer: Babur, born Zahīr ud-Dīn Muhammad, was the founder of the Mughal Empire in the Indian subcontinent. He was a descendant of Timur and Genghis Khan through his father and mother respectively. He was also given the posthumous name of Firdaws Makani.

2. Schedule 9^th part of Indian Constitution:

Answer: The Ninth Schedule of the Constitution contains a list of central and state laws which cannot be challenged in courts.

3. Arawali Range (Mount Abu) related question

Answer: The highest peak is Guru Shikhar on Mount Abu at 1,722 metres (5,650 ft). The Aravalli Range located in the north-western part of India is one of the oldest fold mountain systems in the world, and in its current form reduced to residual hill ranges. Spanning across four Indian states from Gujarat to Delhi, with an average height of 600 to 900 m, these ranges play a prominent role, affecting the local climate and beyond, directing economic activities, leveraging geographical and environmental resources and biodiversity profiles of the region.

73^rd Amendment of Indian Constitution:

Answer: The Constitution (73rd Amendment) Act, 1992 has added a new part IX consisting of 16 Articles and the Eleventh Schedule to the Constitution. The 73th Amendment envisages the Gram Sabha as the foundation of the Panchayat Raj System to perform functions and powers entrusted to it by the State Legislatures.

6. Lovelina Borgohain won which medal in Olympics?

Answer: Lovlina Borgohain (born 2 October 1997) is an Indian boxer. She won bronze medal at the Tokyo 2020 in the women's welterweight event, becoming only the third Indian boxer to win a medal at the Olympics

7. UP Population Related Question:

Answer: Uttar Pradesh is India's most populous state, and the largest subdivision in the world. It has a population of about 199,812,341 as per the 2011 census.

Florence Nightingale 2021 Award:

Answer: Susan Chacko, a government nurse from Kollam, has been selected for the National Florence Nightingale Awards 2021 instituted by the Indian Nursing Council.

9. P.V.Sindhu related question

10. Example of Angiosperm:

Answer: There are many angiosperms examples that can be seen in daily life. From fruits to grains and vegetables to flowers the impact and examples of flowering plants are massive for the existence and survival of living organisms. The fruit trees are the most common examples of angiosperms

11. Which state has first Software Technology Park Center recently?

Answer: Nagaland

12. 2^nd financial year plan:

Answer: Second Five Year Plan covers the period from April 1956 through March 1961.

Article 76 of the Indian Constitution:

Answer: Article 76 of the Constitution of India, 1950 carves an advisory role for Attorney General to counsel the Government in legal matters. The Attorney General is appointed by the President of India, and they hold their position as per the pleasure of the President.

2. Article 98 of the Indian Constitution:

Answer: Article 98 of the Indian constitution gives provision for the Secretariat of Parliament.

3. Capital of France:

Answer: Paris

4. What is PM MITRA Parks Scheme?

Answer: The PM MITRA scheme is inspired by the 5F vision – Farm to Fibre to Factory to Fashion to Foreign. It aspires to fulfill the vision of building an Aatmanirbhar Bharat and to position India strongly on the Global textiles map.

5. Miss Universe 2021:

Answer: Harnaaz Kaur Sandhu

Who is the Supreme leader of Indian Army?

Answer: The President of India is the Supreme Commander of the Indian Armed Forces.

7. Pink Revolution is related to:

Answer: Pink Revolution: The boom of export and production of meat in India is the period of the Pink Revolution. It denotes the technological revolution in the poultry and meat processing sector.

8. Indian languages are in which schedule of the constitution?

Answer: The Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India lists the official languages of the Republic of India.

9. What is the number of High Courts in India?

Answer: There are 25 High Courts in India

10. How many parts are there in Akbarnama?

Answer: The Akbar Nama is divided into three books: The first book dealt with Akbar's ancestors. The second recorded the events of Akbar's reign. The third is the Ain-i Akbari.

Which city of Karnataka was known as City of Gold in Mauryan Dynasty?

Answer: Raichur is referred to as Gold City of Karnataka, the Rice Bowl of Karnataka, the Power Station of Karnataka, and Cotton City of Karnataka.

12. Which article gives the power to Parliament to amend the Constitution?

Answer: Article 368 - The present position is that the Parliament under Article 368 can amend any part of the Constitution including the Fundamental Rights but without affecting the 'basic structure' of the Constitution. However, the Supreme Court is yet to define or clarify as to what constitutes the 'basic structure' of the Constitution.

13. Question related to 5 year Plan

14. Question related to High Yielding Variety Seeds:

Answer: High Yield Variety (HYV) seeds were developed by scientists to improve food supplies and reduce famine in developing countries. These HYV or 'miracle' seeds can produce up to ten times more crops than regular seeds on the same area of land.

15. Where the mass of the object is more?

Answer: As we know the weight of an object is equal to the mass times the acceleration of gravity i.e., w = mg. As acceleration due to gravity is maximum at poles and minimum at the equator, therefore weight of the object will be maximum at poles.

16. Inventor of WWW

Answer: Tim Berners-Lee, a British scientist, invented the World Wide Web (WWW) in 1989, while working at CERN

17. When did Aurangzeb die?

Answer: March 3, 1707

18. Who’s tomb is present in Sasaram?

Answer: The tomb of Sher Shah Suri - The tomb of Sher Shah Suri is in the Sasaram town of Bihar state, India. The tomb was built in memory of Emperor Sher Shah Suri, a Pathan from Bihar who defeated the Mughal Empire and founded the Suri Empire in northern India.

19. Which symbol is present in the Rupee 20 currency note of India?

Answer: The new (Rs 20) denomination has motif of Ellora Caves on the reverse, depicting the country's cultural heritage.

20. Question related to Running Marathon

Which was the dynasty of Harshwardhan?

Answer: Harshavardhana was born in 590 AD to King Prabhakaravardhana of Sthaneshvara (Thanesar, Haryana). He belonged to the Pushyabhuti also called the Vardhana dynasty. Harshavardhana was an Indian Emperor, who ruled over the northern parts of India from 606 A.D to to 647 A.D. His earliest capital was Thaneswar, present-day Haryana. After his accession, King Harshavardhan united the two kingdoms of Thanesar and Kannauj. He also shifted his capital from Thanesar to Kannauj.

22. Tarapur Nuclear Power Plant:

Answer: Tarapur Atomic Power Station is located in Tarapur, Palghar, India. It was the first commercial nuclear power station built in India.

23. Amazon Rainforest is in which continent?

Answer: South America - Amazon Rainforest, large tropical rainforest occupying the drainage basin of the Amazon River and its tributaries in northern South America and covering an area of 2,300,000 square miles (6,000,000 square km).

24. Name the acid found in Lemon:

Answer: Citric acid (2-hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricar-boxylic acid) is a weak tricarboxylic acid that is naturally concentrated in citrus fruits.

25. Question related to Corona Virus

26. Fahrenheit-related question.

27. Newtons’ 3rd Law of Motion:

Answer: Newton's third law states that when two bodies interact, they apply forces to one another that are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction. The third law is also known as the law of action and reaction.

History Samanya Gyan One Liner

● राजपूत काल कब से कब तक माना जाता है— छठी सदी से बारहवीं सदी तक

● 712 ई. में सिंध पर मोहम्मद बिन कासिम के आक्रमण के समय वहाँ का शासक कौन था— दाहिर

● सर्वप्रथम जजिया कर लगाने का श्रेय किसे दिया जाता है— मोहम्मद बिन कासिम

● ‘दिल्लिका’ किसका पुराना नाम है— दिल्ली का

● ‘पृथ्वीराजरासों’ की रचना किसने की— चंद्रबरदई ने

● प्रसिद्ध दिलवाड़ा जैन मंदिर कहाँ स्थित है— माउंट आबू पर

● खजुराहो में स्थित मंदिरों का निर्माण किसने कराया— चंदेल शासकों ने

● विजय स्तंभ कहाँ स्थित है— चित्तौड़गढ़

● महमूद गजनवी ने भारत पर कितनी बार आक्रमण किये— 17 बार

● महमूद गजनवी का प्रसिद्ध आक्रमण कौन-सा था— सोमनाथ मंदिर पर आक्रमण

● मुहम्मद गजनवी ने गुजरात के प्रसिद्ध सोमनाथ मंदिर को कब लूटा— 1025-26

● सोमनाथ मंदिर पर मुहम्मद गजनवी के आक्रमण के समय गुजरात का शासक कौन था— भीमदेव I

● किस नाटक के कुछ अंश ‘अढ़ाई दिन का झोपड़ा’ नामक मस्जिद पर लिखे हैं— हरिकेलि

● रानी पद्मनी का नाम खिलजी की चित्तौड़ विजय से जोड़ा जाता है। रानी पद्मनी किसकी पत्नी थीं— राणा रतन सिंह

● विक्रमशिला विश्वविद्यालय की स्थापना की— धर्मपाल

● ‘गीत गोविंद’ किसने लिखी— जयदेव

● जयदेव किसकी सभा को अलंकृत करते थे— लक्ष्मण सेन

● किसने सोमपुर महाविहार का निर्माण कराया— धर्मपाल

● भारत पर सर्वप्रथम अरब आक्रमण किसने किया— मुहम्मद बिन कासिम

● जगन्नाथ मंदिर किस राज्य में है— ओड़िशा

● कोणार्क में स्थित सूर्य देव मंदिर के संस्थापक कौन थे— नरसिंह I

● ब्लैक पगोड़ा कहाँ स्थित है— कोणार्क में

● ‘अलवर’ के संस्थापक कौन थे— अजय पाल

● किय शासक के दरबार में जैन आचार्य हेमचंद्र को संरक्षण मिला— जय सिंह (सिद्धराज)

● चंदावर का युद्ध किस-किस के मध्य हुआ— जयचंद और मोहम्मद गौरी

● लिंगराज मंदिर कहाँ स्थित है— भुवनेश्वर में

● लिंगराज मंदिर की नींव किसने डाली— ययाति केसरी ने

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प्राचीन भारत का इतिहास सामान्य ज्ञान प्रश्नोत्तरी DAILY MCQ GK

Q1. मोहनजोदड़ो में सबसे बड़ा भवन कौन-सा है?

(a) विशाल स्नानागार

(b) धान्यागार

(c) सस्तंभ हॉल

(d) दो मंजिला मकान

Ans: (b)✅

Q2. सिंधु घाटी सभ्यता की प्रमुख विशेषता थी :

(a) नगर सभ्यता

(b) कृषिक सभ्यता

(c) मध्यपाषाण सभ्यता

(d) पुरापाषाण सभ्यता

Ans:(a)✅

Q3.सिंधु घाटी सभ्यता का पत्तननगर (बन्दरगाह) कौन-सा है?

(a) कालीबंगन

(b) लोथल

(c) रोपड़

(d) मोहनजोदडो

Ans: (b)✅

Q4. निम्नलिखित विद्वानों में से ‘हड़प्पा सभ्यता’ का सर्वप्रथम खोजकर्ता कौन था?

(a) सर जान. मार्शल

(b) आर. डी. बनर्जी

(c) ए.कनिघम

(d) दयाराम साहनी

Ans: (d)✅

Q5. निम्नलिखित में से किस द्रव्य का उपयोग हड़प्पा-काल की मुद्राओं के निर्माण में मुख्य रूप से किया गया था?

(a) टेराकोटा

(b) काँसा

(c) ताँबा

(d) लोहा

Ans:(a)✅

Q6. निम्नलिखित में से कौन हड़प्पा संस्कृति के अध्ययन के साथ संबद्ध नहींहै?

(a) चार्ल्स मैसन

(b) कनिंघम

(c) एम.व्हीलर

(d) पी.एस. वत्स

Ans: (d)✅

Q7. हड़प्पा की सभ्यता किस युग की थी?

(a) कांस्य युग

(b) नवपाषाण युग

(c) पुरापाषाण युग

(d) लौह युग

Ans:(a)✅

Q8. हड़प्पा-वासी किस वस्तु के उत्पादन में अग्रणी थे?

(a) मुद्राएँ

(b) कांसे के औजार

(c) कपास

(d) जौ

Ans: (c)✅

Q9. हड़प्पा के निवासी

(a) ग्रामीण थे

(b) शहरी थे

(c) यायावर (खानाबदोश) थे

(d) जनजातीय थे

Ans: (b)✅

10. सिंधु घाटी की सभ्यता के लोगों का मुख्य व्यवसाय क्या था?

(a) व्यापार

(b) पशु-पालन

(c) शिकार

(d) कृषि

Ans: (d)✅

पॉवरफुल सामान्य ज्ञान (GK) 2021 प्रश्नोत्तरी सभी प्रतियोगी परीक्षाओं के लिए

☑️ पॉवरफुल सामान्य ज्ञान (GK) 2021 प्रश्नोत्तरी सभी प्रतियोगी परीक्षाओं के लिए ✓ 

प्रश्‍न 1. भारतीय रुपए को नई पहचान प्राप्त कब हुई ?

उत्तर – 15 जुलाई 2010 में, भारतीय रुपया चिह्न (₹)

प्रश्‍न 2. भारतीय रिजर्व बैंक जिस बैंक के माध्यम से भारत के विदेश व्यापार का वित्त पोषण करने के लिए मदद करता है ?

उत्तर – एक्ज़िम बैंक (2 जनवरी 1982)

प्रश्‍न 3. निवेश के संदर्भ में A, AA+ और AAA से तात्पर्य क्या है ?

उत्तर – क्रेडिट रेटिंग

प्रश्‍न 4. ‘CORE’ बैंकिंग सर्विसेज में CORE का पूरा नाम क्या है ?

उत्तर – Centralized Online Realtime Exchange

प्रश्‍न 5. किस समिति के आधार पर नाबार्ड को स्थापित किया गया था ?

उत्तर – शिवरामन समिति (12 जुलाई 1982) नाबार्ड का पूरा नाम - राष्ट्रीय कृषि और ग्रामीण विकास बैंक।

प्रश्‍न 6. विश्व के किस बैंक की ‘उदार ऋण प्रदान करने वाली खिड़की’ कहा जाता है ?

उत्तर – अंतरराष्ट्रीय विकास संघ (IDA)

प्रश्‍न 7. SLR का पूरा नाम क्या है ?

उत्तर – Statutory Liquidity Ratio

प्रश्‍न 8. IPO का पूरा नाम क्या है ?

उत्तर – Initial Public Offering

प्रश्‍न 9. बैंकिंग क्षेत्र किस क्षेत्र के अंतर्गत आता है ?

उत्तर – सेवा क्षेत्र (Service Sector)

प्रश्‍न 10. भारत का पहला व्यावसायिक बैंक जिसका स्वामित्व व प्रबंधन पूर्णतः भारतीयों के पास था ?

उत्तर – सेंट्रल बैंक ऑफ इंडिया (21 दिसम्बर 1911)

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Mix Gk important question

❣💐 Mix Gk important question 💐❣

●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●●

Q – ‘वेस्‍ट बैंक’ नामक क्षेत्र किस नदी के पश्चिम में स्थित भू-क्षेत्र है? उत्‍तर  – जॉर्डन

Q – विश्‍व का सबसे शान्‍त सीमा रेखा के रूप में मानी जाने वाली 490समानान्‍तर अक्षांश रेखा किन दो देशों को अलग करती है? उत्‍तर  – संयुक्‍त राज्‍य अमेरिका तथा कनाडा

Q – ओबरा परियोजना (Obra Project) किस राज्‍य की ताप विद्युत परियोजना है? उत्‍तर  – उत्‍तर प्रदेश

Q – किस देश में ‘टयूलिप की खेती’ (Tulip Cultivation) सर्वाधिक प्रसिद्ध है? उत्‍तर  – नीदरलैण्‍डस में

Q – भारत में प्रथम जल-विद्युत शक्ति केन्‍द्र की स्‍थापना कब तथा कहाँ पर की गई? उत्‍तर  – 1902 में शिवासमुद्रम में

Q – ‘भैसा सिंगी’ नामक जनजाति भारत के किस राज्‍य में पाई जाती है? उत्‍तर  – नागालैण्‍ड में

Q – भारत का एक राज्‍य ‘मणिपुर’ किस देश की सीमा पर स्थित है? उत्‍तर  – म्‍यांमार

Q – भारत का सर्वाधिक वर्षा वाला स्‍थान मासिनराम किस राज्‍य में है? उत्‍तर  – मेघालय में

Q – दण्‍डकारण्‍य प्रोजेक्‍ट मध्‍यप्रदेश के किस जिले में है? उत्‍तर  – बस्‍तर में

Q – राजस्‍थान की गंग नहर को पानी किस नदी से प्राप्‍त होता है? उत्‍तर  – सतलज से

Q – विजय नगर साम्राज्‍य की राजधानी हम्‍पी किस नदी के तट पर स्थित है? उत्‍तर  – तुंगभद्रा नदी के तट पर

Q – सरदार सरोवन किस राज्‍य में है? उत्‍तर  – गुजरात में

Q – बरौनी तेलशोधन कारखाना (Oil refinery) किस राज्‍य में है? उत्‍तर  – बिहार में

Q – ब्राजील स्थित अमेजन बेसिन के वन क्‍या कहलाते हैं? उत्‍तर  – सेल्‍वास (selvas)

Q – अफ्रीका में आस्‍वान बाँध (Aswan Dam) किस नदी पर है? उत्‍तर  – नील नदी पर

Q – रबात किस देश की राजधानी है? उत्‍तर  – मोरक्‍को की

Q – भारत में कितना क्षेत्र वनो से आच्‍छादित है? उत्‍तर  – 752.3 लाख हेक्‍टेयर

Q – देश में कितनी बाघ परियोजनाएं कार्यरत है? उत्‍तर  – 23

Q – फ्रीटाउन (Freetown) किस देश की राजधानी है? उत्‍तर  – सियरा लियोन (Sierra Leone)की

Q – क्षेत्रफल की दृष्टि से विश्‍व का सबसे, बड़ा भू-आवेष्ठित (Land locked) देश कौन सा है? उत्‍तर  – मंगोलिया

Q – करीबा बाँध कहाँ स्थित है? उत्‍तर  – जाम्बिया में जेम्‍बजी नदी पर

Q – विश्‍व प्रसिद्ध ‘ऊलांग’ (Oolong) किस्‍म की चाय किस देश में पैदा की जाती है? उत्‍तर  – ताइवान में

Q – स्‍वेज नहर के दोनों सिरों पर स्थित नगरों के क्‍या नाम है? उत्‍तर  – स्‍वेज तथा पोर्ट सईद

Q – बुल्‍गारिया की राजधानी का क्‍या नाम है? उत्‍तर  – सोफिया

Q – तुंगभद्रा तथा भीमा नदियाँ किस नदी की सहायक नदियाँ है? उत्‍तर – कृष्‍णा नदी की

Q – छोटा नागपुर पठार की सबसे ऊँची चोटी कौनसी है? उत्‍तर  – पारसनाथ

Q – भारत की सबसे बड़ी नहर परियोजना कौन सी है? उत्‍तर – इन्दिरा गांधी नहर (राजस्‍थान नहर) परियोजना

Q – भाखड़ा-नांगल परियोजना में मानव निर्मित झील को किस नाम से जाना जाता है? उत्‍तर – गोविन्‍द सागर के नाम से

Q – किस ग्रह केा लाल तारा (Red Star) की संज्ञा दी जाती है? उत्‍तर  – मंगल (Mars) को

Q – उत्‍तरी अमेरिका में स्थित ‘माउण्‍ट मैकिले’ किस पर्वत की चोटी है? उत्‍तर  – रॉकीज की

Q – नीदरलैण्‍ड में समुद्र से लिए गए भू-भाग को किस नाम से जाना जा‍ता है? उत्‍तर  – पोल्‍डर के नाम से

Q – लन्‍दन किस नदी के तट पर स्थित है? उत्‍तर  – टेम्‍स नदी के तट पर

Q – भारत की सर्वाधिक गहरी खान कौन सी है? उत्‍तर  – कोलार की खान

Q – भारतीय अन्‍तरिक्ष शोध संस्‍थान (ISRO) कहाँ स्थित है? उत्‍तर  – बंगलौर में

Q – किस देश के घास के मैदान पम्‍पास कहलाते हैं? उत्‍तर  – अर्जेन्‍टीना के

Q – देश में मौसम मानचित्र बनाने का प्रमुख कार्यालय किस नगर में स्थित है? उत्‍तर  – पुणे में

Q – मचकुण्‍ड जलविद्युत परियोजना किन राज्‍यों का संयुक्‍त उपक्रम है – उड़ीसा व आन्‍ध्र प्रदेश का

Q – उत्‍तर प्रदेश हिमालय का सर्वोच्‍च शिखर कौन सा है? उत्‍तर  – नन्‍दा देवी

Q – भारत का सर्वाधिक नगरीकृत राज्‍य कौनसा है? उत्‍तर  – महाराष्‍ट्र

Q – ब्‍लैक हिल, ब्‍लू पर्वत तथा ग्रीन पर्वत नामक पहाडि़याँ किस देश में स्थित है? उत्‍तर  – अमेरिका में

Q – वृहत ज्‍वार उस समय आता है, जब? उत्‍तर  – पृथ्‍वी, चन्‍द्रमा और सूर्य एक सीधी रेखा में होते हैं।

Q – दक्षिणी अमेरिका का कौन सा देश क्षेत्रफल की दृष्टि से सबसे बड़ा है? उत्‍तर  – ब्राजील

Q – मंगल और बृहस्‍पति की कक्षाओं के बीच सूर्य के चारों ओर परिक्रमाकरने वाले शैल के छोटे टुकड़ों के समूह को क्‍या कहते हैं? उत्‍तर  – क्षेद्रग्रह (Asteroids)

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Anti-mob lynching bills: why in news? recent incidents of mob lynching

 Bills passed against mob lynching in the past four years by at least four States have not been implemented with the Union government taking a view that lynching is not defined as a crime under the Indian Penal Code (IPC).

• These states include Jharkhand, Rajasthan, West Bengal and Manipur.

Why have the bills been delayed so much?

In 2019, the MHA informed the Lok Sabha that it had received the bills passed by the State legislatures that have been reserved by the Governor for consideration of the President.

• The President has to go with the advice given by the Council of Ministers, in the case of such legislation, represented by the MHA.
• The Ministry examines the State legislations on three grounds— repugnancy with Central laws, deviation from national or central policy and legal and constitutional validity. 

Recent incidents of mob lynching in India

• In December 2021, a man was lynched to death by the Sikh Sangat (Sikh devotees) in Shri Harmandir Sahib Gurudwara (Golden Temple) in Amritsar over an alleged attempt to disrespect the holiest book of Sikh religion, Shri Guru Granth Sahib Ji.
• In 2021 in Assam, a 23-year-old student leader was allegedly killed by a mob.
• In 2021 October a man was allegedly lynched, his limbs cut off and left to die at the Singhu Border, site of the farmers’ protest against the three farm laws.
• In 2021 August, a bangle seller in Indore was reportedly beaten up by a mob for allegedly hiding his identity.
• The man survived and was sent to judicial custody.

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• In 2021 May, a 25-year-old Gurugram man was allegedly lynched when he went out to buy medicines. 

What is meant by Lynching? Why in news ?

Any act or series of acts of violence or aiding, abetting (encouraging) such act/acts thereof, whether spontaneous or planned, by a mob on the grounds of religion, race, caste, sex, place of birth, language, dietary practices, sexual orientation, political affiliation, ethnicity or any other related grounds. 

How are these cases handled?

There is “no separate” definition for such incidents under the existing IPC. Lynching incidents can be dealt with under Section 300 and 302 of IPC.

• Section 302 provides that whoever commits murder shall be punished with death or imprisonment for life and shall also be liable to fine. Offence of murder is a cognisable, non- bailable and non-compoundable offence.

SC guidelines about mob lynching

• There should be a “separate offence” for lynching and the trial courts must ordinarily award maximum sentence upon conviction of the accused person to set a stern example in cases of mob violence.
• The state governments will have to designate a senior police officer in each district for taking measures to prevent incidents of mob violence and lynching.
• The state governments need to identify districts, sub-divisions and villageswhere instances of lynching and mob violence have been reported in the recent past.
• The nodal officers shall bring to the notice of the DGP about any inter-district co-ordination issues for devising a strategy to tackle lynching and mob violence related issues.
• Every police officer shall ensure to disperse the mob that has a tendency to cause violence in the disguise of vigilantism or otherwise.
• Central and the state governments shall broadcast on radio, television and other media platforms about the serious consequences of mob lynching and mob violence.
• Despite the measures taken by the State Police, if it comes to the notice of the local police that an incident of lynching or mob violence has taken place, the jurisdictional police station shall immediately lodge an FIR.
• The State Governments shall prepare a lynching/mob violence victim compensation scheme in the light of the provisions of Section 357A of CrPC.
• If a police officer or an officer of the district administration fails to fulfill his duty, it will be considered an act of deliberate negligence.

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Geomagnetic storm: Elon Musk’s Starlink has lost 40 satellites that were caught in a geomagnetic storm

Recently, Elon Musk’s Starlink has lost 40 satellites that were caught in a geomagnetic storm a day after they were launched.

However, these satellites have not created any space debris as the satellites were designed to burn up on reentry into the Earth’s atmosphere.

What is Geomagnetic Storm.

A geomagnetic storm, also known as a magnetic storm, is a temporary disturbance of the Earth's magnetosphere caused by a solar wind shock wave and/or cloud of magnetic field that interacts with the Earth's magnetic field.

The disturbance that drives the magnetic storm may be a solar coronal mass ejection (CME) or (much less severely) a co-rotating interaction region (CIR), a high-speed stream of solar wind originating from a coronal hole. The frequency of geomagnetic storms increases and decreases with the sunspot cycle. During solar maximum, geomagnetic storms occur more often, with the majority driven by CMEs.

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The increase in the solar wind pressure initially compresses the magnetosphere. The solar wind's magnetic field interacts with the Earth's magnetic field and transfers an increased energy into the magnetosphere. Both interactions cause an increase in plasma movement through the magnetosphere (driven by increased electric fields inside the magnetosphere) and an increase in electric current in the magnetosphere and ionosphere. During the main phase of a geomagnetic storm, electric current in the magnetosphere creates a magnetic force that pushes out the boundary between the magnetosphere and the solar wind.

Why In News

Elon Musk’s Starlink has lost dozens of satellites that were caught in a geomagnetic storm a day after they were launched on February 3. Up to 40 of the 49 satellites were impacted, Starlink said, causing them to fall from orbit before they could be commissioned.

“(Rocket) Falcon 9’s second stage deployed the satellites into their intended orbit, with a perigee of approximately 210 km above Earth, and each satellite achieved controlled flight. Unfortunately, the satellites deployed on Thursday (February 3) were significantly impacted by a geomagnetic storm on February 4,” Starlink said in a statement on Tuesday.

Solar storms/flares

Solar storms are magnetic plasma ejected at great speed from the solar surface. They occur during the release of magnetic energy associated with sunspots (‘dark’ regions on the Sun that are cooler than the surrounding photosphere), and can last for a few minutes or hours. The solar storm that deorbited the satellites occurred on February 1 and 2, and its powerful trails were observed on February 3.

“The emerging data suggest that the passing of the latter part of the storm, with its high density core, possessed speeds higher than what was recorded during the storm’s arrival — something we did not expect,” said physicist Prof Dibyendu Nandi, head of the Centre of Excellence in Space Sciences India (CESSI) at the Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Kolkata.

The storm was unusual, an unexpectedly extended event and of a kind not seen in the recent past, Prof Nandi said.

Effect on Earth

Not all solar flares reach Earth, but solar flares/storms, solar energetic particles (SEPs), high-speed solar winds, and coronal mass ejections (CMEs) that come close can impact space weather in near-Earth space and the upper atmosphere.

Solar storms can hit operations of space-dependent services like global positioning systems (GPS), radio, and satellite communications. Geomagnetic storms interfere with high-frequency radio communications and GPS navigation systems. Aircraft flights, power grids, and space exploration programmes are vulnerable.

CMEs, with ejectiles loaded with matter travelling at millions of miles an hour, can potentially create disturbances in the magnetosphere, the protective shield surrounding the Earth. Astronauts on spacewalks face health risks from possible exposure to solar radiation outside the Earth’s protective atmosphere.

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Predicting solar storms

Solar physicists and other scientists use computer models to predict solar storms and solar activities in general. The February 1-2 phenomenon that knocked out Starlink’s satellites was predicted on January 29.

“Current models are capable of predicting a storm’s time of arrival and its speed. But the storm’s structure or orientation still cannot be predicted,” Prof Nandi said.

Certain orientations of the magnetic field can produce a more intense response from the magnetosphere, and trigger more intense magnetic storms.

With the increasing global dependence on satellites for almost every activity, there is a need for better space weather forecasts and more effective ways to protect satellites.

 

What are Geomagnetic Storms?

Geomagnetic storms are caused when events such as solar flares can send higher than normal levels of radiation towards Earth. This radiation interacts with the Earth’s magnetic field causing a geomagnetic storm.

Causes:

The disturbance that drives the magnetic storm may be a solar coronal mass ejection (CME) or (much less severely) a co-rotating interaction region (CIR), a high-speed stream of solar wind originating from a coronal hole.

 

Effects of Geomagnetic storms:

Effects from the geomagnetic storm can range from the appearance of auroras or the northern and southern lights to disruptions in communications systems due to high radiation. This would make it difficult to communicate with others on Earth.

Classification of Geomagnetic storms:

Geomagnetic storms are classified according to a scale that measures the effect that storms will have.

At its safest level, a G1 storm affects power grids by causing weak fluctuations, minor impacts on satellite operations, and causes the northern and southern lights to occur.
At its most extreme, G5, there would be voltage control problems with some grid system collapses or blackouts, radio waves wouldn’t be able to travel for one to two days, low-frequency radio would be out for hours, and the auroras would be able to be seen at lower latitudes than usual.

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J&K Kanchoth Festival

 

• The festival was celebrated amid braving heavy snowfall and extreme cold wave conditions.
• Local residents including women got dressed in traditional fineries and observed fast. They then thronged temples for offering prayers. They hoped that the deity can help end the covid-19 pandemic.
• This age-old festival is celebrated by Hindus, specifically Nag followers.
• Nag followers believe that, on this day of Gouri tritiya, Lord Shiva and goddess Parvati got married. Goddess Parvati asked for a throne made of snow as her wedding gift. Thus, snowfall during the festival is considered a good omen.

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Functions at Jatanai Village

One of the main functions of festival was observed at hill top Jatanai village in Chinchora panchayat. It is 30 km from Bhaderwah. At the function, women of all ages were clad in bridal costumes. They came out in large numbers wading through snow to reach the nearby temple for celebrating the festival.

Celebrations at other places

Apart from Bhaderwah (Mini Kashmir of India), celebrations were reported from Kotli, Ghata, Mathola, Gupt Ganga, Khakhal, Kapra, Chinnote, Bheja, Bhalra, Chinchora and other temples of the area. Festival was celebrated by married women for praying long life of their husband.

How long is this festival celebrated?

The festival is observed for three days. During this period, married women go in neighbourhood for offering ‘Thel’ (respect) to one and all irrespective of religion, age, creed & caste, and gender. In return, they get their blessing of ‘Suhagan Bho’ (wish your husband a long life).

Significance of the festival

This day is considered pious for married women. They pray to goddess Gauri for long and healthy life of her husband. Bridal suits, Bangles, bindis, sindur, and mehndi’ are considered sanctimonious and are offered to the goddess. These are worn by the fasting women.

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