Showing posts with label CGL. Show all posts
Showing posts with label CGL. Show all posts

Wednesday, 2 March 2022

History Samanya Gyan One Liner

● राजपूत काल कब से कब तक माना जाता है— छठी सदी से बारहवीं सदी तक

● 712 ई. में सिंध पर मोहम्मद बिन कासिम के आक्रमण के समय वहाँ का शासक कौन था— दाहिर

● सर्वप्रथम जजिया कर लगाने का श्रेय किसे दिया जाता है— मोहम्मद बिन कासिम

● ‘दिल्लिका’ किसका पुराना नाम है— दिल्ली का

● ‘पृथ्वीराजरासों’ की रचना किसने की— चंद्रबरदई ने

● प्रसिद्ध दिलवाड़ा जैन मंदिर कहाँ स्थित है— माउंट आबू पर

● खजुराहो में स्थित मंदिरों का निर्माण किसने कराया— चंदेल शासकों ने

● विजय स्तंभ कहाँ स्थित है— चित्तौड़गढ़

● महमूद गजनवी ने भारत पर कितनी बार आक्रमण किये— 17 बार

● महमूद गजनवी का प्रसिद्ध आक्रमण कौन-सा था— सोमनाथ मंदिर पर आक्रमण

● मुहम्मद गजनवी ने गुजरात के प्रसिद्ध सोमनाथ मंदिर को कब लूटा— 1025-26

● सोमनाथ मंदिर पर मुहम्मद गजनवी के आक्रमण के समय गुजरात का शासक कौन था— भीमदेव I

● किस नाटक के कुछ अंश ‘अढ़ाई दिन का झोपड़ा’ नामक मस्जिद पर लिखे हैं— हरिकेलि

● रानी पद्मनी का नाम खिलजी की चित्तौड़ विजय से जोड़ा जाता है। रानी पद्मनी किसकी पत्नी थीं— राणा रतन सिंह

● विक्रमशिला विश्वविद्यालय की स्थापना की— धर्मपाल

● ‘गीत गोविंद’ किसने लिखी— जयदेव

● जयदेव किसकी सभा को अलंकृत करते थे— लक्ष्मण सेन

● किसने सोमपुर महाविहार का निर्माण कराया— धर्मपाल

● भारत पर सर्वप्रथम अरब आक्रमण किसने किया— मुहम्मद बिन कासिम

● जगन्नाथ मंदिर किस राज्य में है— ओड़िशा

● कोणार्क में स्थित सूर्य देव मंदिर के संस्थापक कौन थे— नरसिंह I

● ब्लैक पगोड़ा कहाँ स्थित है— कोणार्क में

● ‘अलवर’ के संस्थापक कौन थे— अजय पाल

● किय शासक के दरबार में जैन आचार्य हेमचंद्र को संरक्षण मिला— जय सिंह (सिद्धराज)

● चंदावर का युद्ध किस-किस के मध्य हुआ— जयचंद और मोहम्मद गौरी

● लिंगराज मंदिर कहाँ स्थित है— भुवनेश्वर में

● लिंगराज मंदिर की नींव किसने डाली— ययाति केसरी ने

राजवंशों के संस्थापक और अंतिम सम्राट

राजवंशों के संस्थापक और अंतिम सम्राट

❑ नन्द वंश 
संस्थापक ➛ महापद्‌म या उग्रसेन
अंतिम शासक ➛ धनानंद

❑ मौर्य वंश 
संस्थापक ➛ चंद्रगुप्त मौर्य 
अंतिम शासक ➛ बृहद्रथ 

❑ गुप्त वंश 
संस्थापक ➛ चंद्रगुप्त प्रथम
अंतिम शासक ➛ स्कंदगुप्त 

❑ शुंग वंश  
संस्थापक ➛ पुष्यमित्र शुंग 
अंतिम शासक ➛ देवभूमी

❑ सातवाहन वंश 
संस्थापक ➛ सिमुक   
अंतिम शासक ➛ यज्ञ शातकर्णी 

❑ (वतापी के) चालुक्य वंश
संस्थापक  ➛ पुलकेशिन् प्रथम 
अंतिम शासक ➛ कीर्तीवर्मन चालुक्य

❑ चोल वंश 
संस्थापक ➛ विजयालय
अंतिम शासक ➛ अथिराजेंद्र

❑ राष्ट्रकूट वंश  
संस्थापक ➛ दंतीदुर्ग 
अंतिम शासक ➛ इंद्र चतुर्थ

❑ सोलंकी वंश
संस्थापक  ➛ मूलराज प्रथम

❑ गुलाम वंश
संस्थापक ➛ कुतुबुद्दीन ऐबक
अंतिम शासक ➛ मुइज़ुद्दिन क़ैकाबाद 

❑ खिलजी वंश 
संस्थापक ➛ जलाल उद्दीन 
अंतिम शासक ➛ खुसरो खान

❑ तुगलक वंश
संस्थापक ➛ गियाज़ुद्दिन तुगलक
अंतिम शासक ➛ फिरोज शाह तुगलक

❑ लोधी वंश
संस्थापक ➛ बहलोल लोधी
अंतिम शासक  ➛ इब्रहीम लोधी

❑ मुगल वंश
 संस्थापक ➛ बाबर 
अंतिम शासक ➛ बहादुर शाह द्वितीय

❑ नन्द वंश 
संस्थापक ➛ महापद्‌म या उग्रसेन
अंतिम शासक ➛ धनानंद

❑ मौर्य वंश 
संस्थापक ➛ चंद्रगुप्त मौर्य 
अंतिम शासक ➛ बृहद्रथ 

❑ गुप्त वंश 
संस्थापक ➛ चंद्रगुप्त प्रथम
अंतिम शासक ➛ स्कंदगुप्त 

❑ शुंग वंश  
संस्थापक ➛ पुष्यमित्र शुंग 
अंतिम शासक ➛ देवभूमी

❑ सातवाहन वंश 
संस्थापक ➛ सिमुक   
अंतिम शासक ➛ यज्ञ शातकर्णी 

❑ (वतापी के) चालुक्य वंश
संस्थापक  ➛ पुलकेशिन् प्रथम 
अंतिम शासक ➛ कीर्तीवर्मन चालुक्य

❑ चोल वंश 
संस्थापक ➛ विजयालय
अंतिम शासक ➛ अथिराजेंद्र

❑ राष्ट्रकूट वंश  
संस्थापक ➛ दंतीदुर्ग 
अंतिम शासक ➛ इंद्र चतुर्थ

❑ सोलंकी वंश
संस्थापक  ➛ मूलराज प्रथम

❑ गुलाम वंश
संस्थापक ➛ कुतुबुद्दीन ऐबक
अंतिम शासक ➛ मुइज़ुद्दिन क़ैकाबाद 

❑ खिलजी वंश 
संस्थापक ➛ जलाल उद्दीन 
अंतिम शासक ➛ खुसरो खान

❑ तुगलक वंश
संस्थापक ➛ गियाज़ुद्दिन तुगलक
अंतिम शासक ➛ फिरोज शाह तुगलक

❑ लोधी वंश
संस्थापक ➛ बहलोल लोधी
अंतिम शासक  ➛ इब्रहीम लोधी

❑ मुगल वंश
 संस्थापक ➛ बाबर 
अंतिम शासक ➛ बहादुर शाह द्वितीय

Also Read:-

प्राचीन भारत का इतिहास सामान्य ज्ञान प्रश्नोत्तरी DAILY MCQ GK



Q1. मोहनजोदड़ो में सबसे बड़ा भवन कौन-सा है?

(a) विशाल स्नानागार
(b) धान्यागार
(c) सस्तंभ हॉल
(d) दो मंजिला मकान
Ans: (b)✅

Q2. सिंधु घाटी सभ्यता की प्रमुख विशेषता थी :

(a) नगर सभ्यता
(b) कृषिक सभ्यता
(c) मध्यपाषाण सभ्यता
(d) पुरापाषाण सभ्यता
Ans:(a)✅

Q3.सिंधु घाटी सभ्यता का पत्तननगर (बन्दरगाह) कौन-सा है?

(a) कालीबंगन
(b) लोथल
(c) रोपड़
(d) मोहनजोदडो
Ans: (b)✅

Q4. निम्नलिखित विद्वानों में से ‘हड़प्पा सभ्यता’ का सर्वप्रथम खोजकर्ता कौन था?

(a) सर जान. मार्शल
(b) आर. डी. बनर्जी
(c) ए.कनिघम
(d) दयाराम साहनी
Ans: (d)✅

Q5. निम्नलिखित में से किस द्रव्य का उपयोग हड़प्पा-काल की मुद्राओं के निर्माण में मुख्य रूप से किया गया था?

(a) टेराकोटा
(b) काँसा
(c) ताँबा
(d) लोहा
Ans:(a)✅

Q6. निम्नलिखित में से कौन हड़प्पा संस्कृति के अध्ययन के साथ संबद्ध नहींहै?

(a) चार्ल्स मैसन
(b) कनिंघम
(c) एम.व्हीलर
(d) पी.एस. वत्स
Ans: (d)✅

Q7. हड़प्पा की सभ्यता किस युग की थी?

(a) कांस्य युग
(b) नवपाषाण युग
(c) पुरापाषाण युग
(d) लौह युग
Ans:(a)✅

Q8. हड़प्पा-वासी किस वस्तु के उत्पादन में अग्रणी थे?

(a) मुद्राएँ
(b) कांसे के औजार
(c) कपास
(d) जौ
Ans: (c)✅

Q9. हड़प्पा के निवासी

(a) ग्रामीण थे
(b) शहरी थे
(c) यायावर (खानाबदोश) थे
(d) जनजातीय थे
Ans: (b)✅

10. सिंधु घाटी की सभ्यता के लोगों का मुख्य व्यवसाय क्या था?

(a) व्यापार
(b) पशु-पालन
(c) शिकार
(d) कृषि
Ans: (d)✅

Friday, 18 February 2022

Top 50 Mix Gk

Top 50 Mix Gk 📚

1. सांची के स्तूप का निर्माण किसने कराया
-- अशोक ने

2. मेगस्थनीज ने किसके दूत के रूप चन्द्रगुप्त मौर्य के दरबार में 
आया था
-- सेल्यूकस

3. मुद्रा राक्षस किसने लिखी थी
-- विशाखदत्त

4. अशोक ने अपने पुत्र महेन्द्र व पुत्री संघमित्रा को कहां भेजा
-- श्रीलंका

5. कौनसा मौर्य सम्राट जैन धर्म ग्रहण करके श्रवण बेलगोला 
चला गया
-- चन्द्रगुप्त मौर्य

6. अन्तिम मौर्य समा्रट कौन था
-- बृहद्रथ

7. महाभाष्य के लेखक
-- पंतजलि

8. पंतजालि किसके दरबार में था
-- पुष्यमित्र शुंग के

9. कनिष्क किस वंश का शासक था
-- कुषागवंश का

10. कनिष्क की राजधानी कहां थी
-- पुरूषपुर

11. भारत में सबसे पहले सूर्य किस राज्य में निकलता है?
-- अरुणाचल प्रदेश 

12. भारत का सर्वोच सम्मान कौन सा है?
-- भारत रत्न 

13. भारत रत्न से सम्मानित प्रथम भारतीय महिला कौन थी?
-- इंदिरा गाँधी (1971 में)

14. भारत में मानसून सबसे पहले कहा आता है?
-- केरल राज्य में (जून के प्रथम सप्ताह में)

15. भगवान बुद्ध को ज्ञान की प्राप्ति किस स्थान पर हुआ था?
-- बोधगया 

16. भारत का प्रथम गवर्नर जनरल कौन था?
-- लार्ड विलियम बैंटिक 

17. चन्द्रमा पर मानव भेजने वाला प्रथम देश कौन है? 
-- संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका (U.S.A)

18. रतौंधी किस विटामिन की कमी के कारण होता है?
-- विटामिन A के कारण 

19. कागज का अविष्कार किस देश ने किया?
-- चीन (China) ने 

20. सौर प्रणाली के खोजकर्ता कौन है?

-- कॉपरनिक्स

21. हिंदी भाषा की लिपि कौन सी है?
-- देवनागरी लिपि 

22. इंसुलिन का प्रयोग किस बीमारी के इलाज के लिए प्रयोग किया जाता है?
-- मधुमेह के इलाज में 

23. भारत में सर्वाधिक वर्षा कहा होती है? 
-- मासिनराम (मेघालय) में 

24. भारत की पहली महिला शाशिका कौन थी?
-- रजिया सुल्तान बेगम 

25. टेलीविजन का आविष्कार किसने किया था?
-- जॉन लोगी बेयर्ड ने 

26. जलियावाला बाग हत्याकांड कहा और कब हुआ था?
-- अमृतसर (1919 ई०) में 

27. सर्वाधिक चमकीला एवं गर्म ग्रह कौन सा है?
-- शुक्र ग्रह

28. भारत-पाकिस्तान के बीच की सीमा रेखा कौन सी है?
-- रेडक्लिफ रेखा 

29. मछलिया अपना साँस किसकी सहायता से लेती है?
-- गलफड़ो की सहायता से 

30. भारत की प्रथम महिला राज्यपाल कौन थी?
-- सरोजनी नायडु

31. 'ब्रह्म समाज' के संस्थापक कौन थे?
-- राजाराम मोहन राय

32. भारतीय अंतरिक्ष कार्यक्रम के जनक कौन है?
-- डॉ. विक्रम साराभाई 

33. 'तुम मुझे खून दो, मै तुम्हे आज़ादी दूंगा' का नारा किसने दिया?
-- सुभाष चन्द्र बोस ने

34. बक्सर का युद्ध कब हुआ था?
-- 1764 ई० में 

35. माउंट एवेरेस्ट पर दो बार चढ़ने वाली प्रथम महिला कौन थी?
-- संतोष यादव 

36. वास्कोडिगामा का भारत आगमन कब हुआ था?
-- 1498 ई० में 

37. सिख धर्म के संस्थापक कौन माने जाते है?
-- गुरु नानक

38. भारत का स्विट्ज़रलैंड किस राज्य को कहा जाता है? 
-- कश्मीर

39. स्वर्ण मंदिर कहा स्थित है?
-- अमृतसर 

40. वास्कोडिगामा कहा का रहने वाला था?
-- पुर्तगाल 

41. 'लौह पुरुष' किस महापुरुष को कहा जाता है?
-- सरदार बल्लभ भाई पटेल को 

42. सर्वाधिक सीमाओं वाला देश कौन सा है?
-- चीन (China)

43. 'महाभारत' के रचियता कौन है?
-- महर्षि वेदव्यास जी 

44. क्षेत्रफल की दृष्टि से भारत का सबसे बड़ा राज्य कौन सा है?
-- राजस्थान 

45. भारत में सैनिको को दिया जाने वाला सबसे बड़ा सैनिक सम्मान कौन सा है?
-- परमवीर चक्र 

46. ओणम भारत के किस राज्य का प्रसिद्ध त्यौहार है?
-- केरल का 

47. जनसंख्या एवं क्षेत्रफल की दृष्टि से विश्व का सबसे छोटा देश कौन सा है?
-- वेटिकन सिटी 

48. पंजाबी भाषा किस लिपि में लिखी जाती है?
-- गुरुमुखी लिपि में 

49. 'कलाम का सिपाही' किसे कहा जाता है?
-- मुंशी प्रेमचंद को 

50. भारत का सबसे प्रथम विश्वविद्यालय कौन सा है और उसकी स्थापना कब हुई?
-- नालंदा विश्वविद्यालय (450 ई० पू.)

Thursday, 17 February 2022

Brief Glimpse of Goa :

 History of Goa

Goa is one of the Indian states that remained under colonial rule for 451 years. The history of Goa dates back to the 3rd century. Several dynasties ruled over Goa: Mauryas was the first, then followed by the Satvahanas, Chalukyas, and in the end, the Shilharas and Kadambas. Goa passed into the hands of the Mughals in 1312. In 1510, the Portuguese captured Goa, and in 1961 Goa attained freedom from the Portuguese. However, in 1987 it got the status of statehood.

Goa has numerous historical monuments and eye-catching sights. For the historically inclined, Goa is just ethereal. There are several Churches in Goa that testify to the rich historical past of the city. Some of the famous Churches in Goa are; Mary Immaculate Conception, Reis Magos Church, St. Anne Church, Church of St. Augustine, St. Paul Church, etc. Goa is also home to numerous forts and museums that offer glimpses of a culturally rich state.

Weather in Goa


The weather in Goa somehow remains moderate. Goa lies in the tropical zone and is also bordered by the Arabian Sea on the West. It experiences hot and humid weather throughout the year. But the one good thing about the state is that its temperature is always under control. Neither do the summers get very hot or do the winters get extremely cold.

Beaches in Goa


Goa is home to some of the finest beaches in the world. One of the reasons for the popularity of Goa is its sun-kissed beaches. The Goa beaches have an abundance of not only clear waters and shimmering sands but flea markets and open shacks that sell mouthwatering Goan cuisine along with a whole lot of music and dance. Goa has two parts North and South. The beaches are also divided accordingly.

The beaches in North Goa are meant for the party lovers, whereas the South Goa beaches are more serene and tranquil and act as ideal spots for couples in search of privacy. Some of the most stunning beaches in Goa are Candolim Beach, Baga, Arambol, Vagator, Benaulim Beach, and Palolem Beach.

Tourist Attractions in Goa


  • Fort Aguada
  • Basilica de Bom Jesus
  • Chapora Fort
  • Secretariat from the array of history and culture
  • Church & Convent of St Francis of Assisi
  • Church of Our Lady of the Rosary and Royal Chapel of St Anthony
  • Church of Our Lady of Immaculate Conception
  • Ancestral Goa museum
  • Bhagwan Mahavir Wildlife Sanctuary and
  • Salim Ali Bird Sanctuary

When to Visit Goa


Tourists mostly flock to Goa during the winter months. Another good time to visit Goa would be during the Monsoons. Planning a trip to this state should be avoided in May as this is the hottest month with the mercury shooting up to 35 °C.

How to Reach Goa


Goa is well-connected by a broad network. Travelling to Goa is extremely easy as it is connected with several national and state highways. The roads in Goa are pretty decent, which makes travelling a lot easier. The best way to travel to Goa is by bus from Mumbai or Pune. The journey is very smooth and offers some of the most enthralling visual sights.

Goa is well linked to the other parts of the country by rail. Cities like Mumbai, Chennai, and Pune share a strong railway network with Goa. Numerous trains travel to Goa almost daily from these cities. Some of the trains that travel frequently to Goa include; the Mas Vasco Express, Cstm Karwar Express, Cstm Karwar Spl, and the Ernakulam Express. Trains from Mumbai generally take about 9 hours to Goa. Goa has two major railway stations situated at Margao and Vasco-da-Gama.

The best way to travel to Goa is by flight. Almost all the important cities in India share a good air network with Goa.

Most of the domestic and international flights fly to and from Goa. Some of the popular flights to Goa include; Air India, Spicejet, Jet Airways, Indian Airlines, Indigo, Air Deccan, and Go Air.

Goa State Information

CapitalPanaji
Date of formation30 May, 1987
GovernorBhagat Singh Koshyari (additional charge)
Chief MinisterPramod Sawant
Tourist attractionsAnjuna, Arambol, Basilica of Born Jesus, Se Cathedral
FestivalsCarnival, Feast of St. Francis Xavier, Shigmotsav, Bonderam Festival
Major dance and music formsShigmo dance, Manddo, Durpod
Arts and craftsTerracotta or baked clay figurines, utensils etc; crochet tablecloths, curtains, covers, handkerchiefs; cane and bamboo fish traps, mats, baskets.
LanguagesKonkani, Marathi
Size3,702 sq. km
Population (Census 2011)1458545
RiversMandovi, Zuari, Terekhol, Chapora, Sal, and others
Forests and wildlife sanctuariesBondla WS, Mollem NP, Dr Salim Ali Bird Sanctuary, Cotigoa WS, and many more
State animalGaur
State birdFlame-throated bulbul
State treeCoconut palm Cocos nucifera Matti Terminalia crenulata
Major cropsPaddy, ragi, maize, cashew
FactoidsGoa, Daman and Diu were liberated in 1961 and officially became a part of India in 1962.
No. of District2

Wednesday, 16 February 2022

Anti-mob lynching bills: why in news? recent incidents of mob lynching

 Bills passed against mob lynching in the past four years by at least four States have not been implemented with the Union government taking a view that lynching is not defined as a crime under the Indian Penal Code (IPC).

  • These states include Jharkhand, Rajasthan, West Bengal and Manipur.

Why have the bills been delayed so much?

In 2019, the MHA informed the Lok Sabha that it had received the bills passed by the State legislatures that have been reserved by the Governor for consideration of the President.

  • The President has to go with the advice given by the Council of Ministers, in the case of such legislation, represented by the MHA.
  • The Ministry examines the State legislations on three grounds— repugnancy with Central laws, deviation from national or central policy and legal and constitutional validity. 

Recent incidents of mob lynching in India

  • In December 2021, a man was lynched to death by the Sikh Sangat (Sikh devotees) in Shri Harmandir Sahib Gurudwara (Golden Temple) in Amritsar over an alleged attempt to disrespect the holiest book of Sikh religion, Shri Guru Granth Sahib Ji.
  • In 2021 in Assam, a 23-year-old student leader was allegedly killed by a mob.
  • In 2021 October a man was allegedly lynched, his limbs cut off and left to die at the Singhu Border, site of the farmers’ protest against the three farm laws.
  • In 2021 August, a bangle seller in Indore was reportedly beaten up by a mob for allegedly hiding his identity.
  • The man survived and was sent to judicial custody.
  • In 2021 May, a 25-year-old Gurugram man was allegedly lynched when he went out to buy medicines. 

What is meant by Lynching? Why in news ?

Any act or series of acts of violence or aiding, abetting (encouraging) such act/acts thereof, whether spontaneous or planned, by a mob on the grounds of religion, race, caste, sex, place of birth, language, dietary practices, sexual orientation, political affiliation, ethnicity or any other related grounds. 

How are these cases handled?

There is “no separate” definition for such incidents under the existing IPC. Lynching incidents can be dealt with under Section 300 and 302 of IPC.

  • Section 302 provides that whoever commits murder shall be punished with death or imprisonment for life and shall also be liable to fine. Offence of murder is a cognisable, non- bailable and non-compoundable offence.

SC guidelines about mob lynching

  • There should be a “separate offence” for lynching and the trial courts must ordinarily award maximum sentence upon conviction of the accused person to set a stern example in cases of mob violence.
  • The state governments will have to designate a senior police officer in each district for taking measures to prevent incidents of mob violence and lynching.
  • The state governments need to identify districts, sub-divisions and villageswhere instances of lynching and mob violence have been reported in the recent past.
  • The nodal officers shall bring to the notice of the DGP about any inter-district co-ordination issues for devising a strategy to tackle lynching and mob violence related issues.
  • Every police officer shall ensure to disperse the mob that has a tendency to cause violence in the disguise of vigilantism or otherwise.
  • Central and the state governments shall broadcast on radio, television and other media platforms about the serious consequences of mob lynching and mob violence.
  • Despite the measures taken by the State Police, if it comes to the notice of the local police that an incident of lynching or mob violence has taken place, the jurisdictional police station shall immediately lodge an FIR.
  • The State Governments shall prepare a lynching/mob violence victim compensation scheme in the light of the provisions of Section 357A of CrPC.
  • If a police officer or an officer of the district administration fails to fulfill his duty, it will be considered an act of deliberate negligence.

Monday, 14 February 2022

Supreme court refuses plea for including madrasas, Vedic schools under RTE

The Supreme Court has refused to intervene in a petition challenging sections of the Right to Education Act of 2009 which exclude vedic pathsalas , madrasas and institutions imparting religious education from its ambit.

  • The Court observed that the exclusion of these institutions was specifically inserted into the 2009 Act by an amendment of August 2012 and since then there has never been any controversy in the past decade.

What’s the issue?

The petitioner said, Right of a child should not be restricted only to free education, but must be extended to have equal quality education without discrimination on the ground of child’s social economic and cultural background. Therefore, the court may declare Sections 1(4) and 1(5) of the 2009 Act arbitrary and irrational.

Sections 1(4) and 1(5) of the 2009 Act:

Section 1(5) of the Act states, “Nothing contained in this Act shall apply to madrasas, Vedic pathshalas and educational institutions primarily imparting religious instruction”.

Section 1(4) says, “Subject to the provisions of Articles 29 and 30 of the Constitution, the provisions of this Act shall apply to conferment of rights on children to free and compulsory education.

  • Article 29 and 30 contain provisions securing rights of minorities and minority-run institutions.

Constitutional Provisions regarding Minority Educational Institutions:

Article 30(1) recognizes linguistic and religious minorities but not those based on race, ethnicity.

  • It recognizes the right of religious and linguistic minorities to establish and administer educational institutions, in effect recognizing the role educational institutions play in preserving distinct culture.
  • A majority community can also establish and administer educational institutions but they will not enjoy special rights under Article 30(1)(a).

 

Special rights enjoyed by religious minority institutions are:

  1. Under Art 30(1)(a), MEI enjoy right to education as a Fundamental Right. In case the property is taken over by state, due compensation to be provided to establish institutions elsewhere
  2. Under Article 15(5), MEIs are not considered for reservation
  3. Under Right to Education Act, MEI not required to provide admission to children in the age group of 6-14 years upto 25% of enrolment reserved for economically backward section of society
  4. In St Stephens vs Delhi University case, 1992, SC ruled that MEIs can have 50% seats reserved for minorities
  5. In TMA Pai & others vs State of Karnataka & others 2002 case, SC ruled that MEIs can have separate admission process which is fair, transparent and merit based. They can also separate fee structure but should not charge capitation fee.

 

Geomagnetic storm: Elon Musk’s Starlink has lost 40 satellites that were caught in a geomagnetic storm

Recently, Elon Musk’s Starlink has lost 40 satellites that were caught in a geomagnetic storm a day after they were launched.
However, these satellites have not created any space debris as the satellites were designed to burn up on reentry into the Earth’s atmosphere.

What is Geomagnetic Storm.

geomagnetic storm, also known as a magnetic storm, is a temporary disturbance of the Earth's magnetosphere caused by a solar wind shock wave and/or cloud of magnetic field that interacts with the Earth's magnetic field.
The disturbance that drives the magnetic storm may be a solar coronal mass ejection (CME) or (much less severely) a co-rotating interaction region (CIR), a high-speed stream of solar wind originating from a coronal hole. The frequency of geomagnetic storms increases and decreases with the sunspot cycle. During solar maximum, geomagnetic storms occur more often, with the majority driven by CMEs.
The increase in the solar wind pressure initially compresses the magnetosphere. The solar wind's magnetic field interacts with the Earth's magnetic field and transfers an increased energy into the magnetosphere. Both interactions cause an increase in plasma movement through the magnetosphere (driven by increased electric fields inside the magnetosphere) and an increase in electric current in the magnetosphere and ionosphere. During the main phase of a geomagnetic storm, electric current in the magnetosphere creates a magnetic force that pushes out the boundary between the magnetosphere and the solar wind.

Why In News

Elon Musk’s Starlink has lost dozens of satellites that were caught in a geomagnetic storm a day after they were launched on February 3. Up to 40 of the 49 satellites were impacted, Starlink said, causing them to fall from orbit before they could be commissioned.
“(Rocket) Falcon 9’s second stage deployed the satellites into their intended orbit, with a perigee of approximately 210 km above Earth, and each satellite achieved controlled flight. Unfortunately, the satellites deployed on Thursday (February 3) were significantly impacted by a geomagnetic storm on February 4,” Starlink said in a statement on Tuesday.

Solar storms/flares

Solar storms are magnetic plasma ejected at great speed from the solar surface. They occur during the release of magnetic energy associated with sunspots (‘dark’ regions on the Sun that are cooler than the surrounding photosphere), and can last for a few minutes or hours. The solar storm that deorbited the satellites occurred on February 1 and 2, and its powerful trails were observed on February 3.

“The emerging data suggest that the passing of the latter part of the storm, with its high density core, possessed speeds higher than what was recorded during the storm’s arrival — something we did not expect,” said physicist Prof Dibyendu Nandi, head of the Centre of Excellence in Space Sciences India (CESSI) at the Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Kolkata.
The storm was unusual, an unexpectedly extended event and of a kind not seen in the recent past, Prof Nandi said.

Effect on Earth

Not all solar flares reach Earth, but solar flares/storms, solar energetic particles (SEPs), high-speed solar winds, and coronal mass ejections (CMEs) that come close can impact space weather in near-Earth space and the upper atmosphere.
Solar storms can hit operations of space-dependent services like global positioning systems (GPS), radio, and satellite communications. Geomagnetic storms interfere with high-frequency radio communications and GPS navigation systems. Aircraft flights, power grids, and space exploration programmes are vulnerable.
CMEs, with ejectiles loaded with matter travelling at millions of miles an hour, can potentially create disturbances in the magnetosphere, the protective shield surrounding the Earth. Astronauts on spacewalks face health risks from possible exposure to solar radiation outside the Earth’s protective atmosphere.

Predicting solar storms

Solar physicists and other scientists use computer models to predict solar storms and solar activities in general. The February 1-2 phenomenon that knocked out Starlink’s satellites was predicted on January 29.
“Current models are capable of predicting a storm’s time of arrival and its speed. But the storm’s structure or orientation still cannot be predicted,” Prof Nandi said.
Certain orientations of the magnetic field can produce a more intense response from the magnetosphere, and trigger more intense magnetic storms.
With the increasing global dependence on satellites for almost every activity, there is a need for better space weather forecasts and more effective ways to protect satellites.
 
What are Geomagnetic Storms?

Geomagnetic storms are caused when events such as solar flares can send higher than normal levels of radiation towards Earth. This radiation interacts with the Earth’s magnetic field causing a geomagnetic storm.

Causes:

The disturbance that drives the magnetic storm may be a solar coronal mass ejection (CME) or (much less severely) a co-rotating interaction region (CIR), a high-speed stream of solar wind originating from a coronal hole.
 
Effects of Geomagnetic storms:

Effects from the geomagnetic storm can range from the appearance of auroras or the northern and southern lights to disruptions in communications systems due to high radiation. This would make it difficult to communicate with others on Earth.

Classification of Geomagnetic storms:

Geomagnetic storms are classified according to a scale that measures the effect that storms will have.
At its safest level, a G1 storm affects power grids by causing weak fluctuations, minor impacts on satellite operations, and causes the northern and southern lights to occur.
At its most extreme, G5, there would be voltage control problems with some grid system collapses or blackouts, radio waves wouldn’t be able to travel for one to two days, low-frequency radio would be out for hours, and the auroras would be able to be seen at lower latitudes than usual.

Tuesday, 8 February 2022

J&K Kanchoth Festival

 

  • The festival was celebrated amid braving heavy snowfall and extreme cold wave conditions.
  • Local residents including women got dressed in traditional fineries and observed fast. They then thronged temples for offering prayers. They hoped that the deity can help end the covid-19 pandemic.
  • This age-old festival is celebrated by Hindus, specifically Nag followers.
  • Nag followers believe that, on this day of Gouri tritiya, Lord Shiva and goddess Parvati got married. Goddess Parvati asked for a throne made of snow as her wedding gift. Thus, snowfall during the festival is considered a good omen.

Functions at Jatanai Village

One of the main functions of festival was observed at hill top Jatanai village in Chinchora panchayat. It is 30 km from Bhaderwah. At the function, women of all ages were clad in bridal costumes. They came out in large numbers wading through snow to reach the nearby temple for celebrating the festival.

Celebrations at other places

Apart from Bhaderwah (Mini Kashmir of India), celebrations were reported from Kotli, Ghata, Mathola, Gupt Ganga, Khakhal, Kapra, Chinnote, Bheja, Bhalra, Chinchora and other temples of the area. Festival was celebrated by married women for praying long life of their husband.

How long is this festival celebrated?

The festival is observed for three days. During this period, married women go in neighbourhood for offering ‘Thel’ (respect) to one and all irrespective of religion, age, creed & caste, and gender. In return, they get their blessing of ‘Suhagan Bho’ (wish your husband a long life).

Significance of the festival

This day is considered pious for married women. They pray to goddess Gauri for long and healthy life of her husband. Bridal suits, Bangles, bindis, sindur, and mehndi’ are considered sanctimonious and are offered to the goddess. These are worn by the fasting women.