Showing posts with label CIVIL SERVICES. Show all posts
Showing posts with label CIVIL SERVICES. Show all posts

Wednesday, 2 March 2022

भारतीय संविधान की मुख्य विशेषताएं:


1. भारत का संविधान एक लिखित दस्तावेज है। यह दुनिया के सभी लिखित संविधान का दूसरा सबसे लंबा और सबसे व्यापक है।

2. संविधान, जैसा कि मूल रूप से अपनाया गया था, के 22 भाग थे, 395 लेख और 9 अनुसूचियां।

3. भारतीय संविधान आंशिक रूप से कठोर और आंशिक रूप से लचीला है।

4. संविधान भारत को एक संप्रभु, लोकतांत्रिक और गणराज्य घोषित करता है।

5. संविधान ने केंद्र और राज्यों दोनों में सरकार के संसदीय स्वरूप की स्थापना की।

6. भारत का संविधान देश का सर्वोच्च कानून है।

7. संविधान ने भारत को एक समाजवादी और धर्मनिरपेक्ष देश के रूप में स्थापित किया है।

8. संविधान भारत में एकल नागरिकता प्रदान करता है।

9. संविधान व्यक्ति के कुछ मौलिक अधिकारों की घोषणा करता है।

10. संविधान सार्वभौमिक वयस्क मताधिकार के सिद्धांत का परिचय देता है।

11. संविधान ने एक स्वतंत्र और निष्पक्ष न्यायपालिका प्रदान करने का प्रावधान किया है। सर्वोच्च न्यायालय संविधान के संरक्षक के रूप में कार्य करता है और अपील का सर्वोच्च न्यायालय है।

12. संविधान ने न्यायपालिका को न्यायिक समीक्षा की शक्ति प्रदान की है।

13. भारत का संविधान एकात्मक विशेषताओं के साथ संघीय है।

14. संविधान राष्ट्रपति को संघ के संवैधानिक प्रमुख के रूप में मान्यता देता है।

15. भारत के संविधान ने वास्तव में कल्याणकारी राज्य को सुरक्षित करने के लिए सरकार द्वारा राज्य नीति के निर्देशक सिद्धांत प्रदान किए हैं।

16. हालाँकि संविधान ने भारत को राज्यों का संघ घोषित किया है लेकिन कोई भी राज्य स्वयं को भारतीय संघ से अलग घोषित नहीं कर सकता है।

राजवंशों के संस्थापक और अंतिम सम्राट

राजवंशों के संस्थापक और अंतिम सम्राट

❑ नन्द वंश 
संस्थापक ➛ महापद्‌म या उग्रसेन
अंतिम शासक ➛ धनानंद

❑ मौर्य वंश 
संस्थापक ➛ चंद्रगुप्त मौर्य 
अंतिम शासक ➛ बृहद्रथ 

❑ गुप्त वंश 
संस्थापक ➛ चंद्रगुप्त प्रथम
अंतिम शासक ➛ स्कंदगुप्त 

❑ शुंग वंश  
संस्थापक ➛ पुष्यमित्र शुंग 
अंतिम शासक ➛ देवभूमी

❑ सातवाहन वंश 
संस्थापक ➛ सिमुक   
अंतिम शासक ➛ यज्ञ शातकर्णी 

❑ (वतापी के) चालुक्य वंश
संस्थापक  ➛ पुलकेशिन् प्रथम 
अंतिम शासक ➛ कीर्तीवर्मन चालुक्य

❑ चोल वंश 
संस्थापक ➛ विजयालय
अंतिम शासक ➛ अथिराजेंद्र

❑ राष्ट्रकूट वंश  
संस्थापक ➛ दंतीदुर्ग 
अंतिम शासक ➛ इंद्र चतुर्थ

❑ सोलंकी वंश
संस्थापक  ➛ मूलराज प्रथम

❑ गुलाम वंश
संस्थापक ➛ कुतुबुद्दीन ऐबक
अंतिम शासक ➛ मुइज़ुद्दिन क़ैकाबाद 

❑ खिलजी वंश 
संस्थापक ➛ जलाल उद्दीन 
अंतिम शासक ➛ खुसरो खान

❑ तुगलक वंश
संस्थापक ➛ गियाज़ुद्दिन तुगलक
अंतिम शासक ➛ फिरोज शाह तुगलक

❑ लोधी वंश
संस्थापक ➛ बहलोल लोधी
अंतिम शासक  ➛ इब्रहीम लोधी

❑ मुगल वंश
 संस्थापक ➛ बाबर 
अंतिम शासक ➛ बहादुर शाह द्वितीय

❑ नन्द वंश 
संस्थापक ➛ महापद्‌म या उग्रसेन
अंतिम शासक ➛ धनानंद

❑ मौर्य वंश 
संस्थापक ➛ चंद्रगुप्त मौर्य 
अंतिम शासक ➛ बृहद्रथ 

❑ गुप्त वंश 
संस्थापक ➛ चंद्रगुप्त प्रथम
अंतिम शासक ➛ स्कंदगुप्त 

❑ शुंग वंश  
संस्थापक ➛ पुष्यमित्र शुंग 
अंतिम शासक ➛ देवभूमी

❑ सातवाहन वंश 
संस्थापक ➛ सिमुक   
अंतिम शासक ➛ यज्ञ शातकर्णी 

❑ (वतापी के) चालुक्य वंश
संस्थापक  ➛ पुलकेशिन् प्रथम 
अंतिम शासक ➛ कीर्तीवर्मन चालुक्य

❑ चोल वंश 
संस्थापक ➛ विजयालय
अंतिम शासक ➛ अथिराजेंद्र

❑ राष्ट्रकूट वंश  
संस्थापक ➛ दंतीदुर्ग 
अंतिम शासक ➛ इंद्र चतुर्थ

❑ सोलंकी वंश
संस्थापक  ➛ मूलराज प्रथम

❑ गुलाम वंश
संस्थापक ➛ कुतुबुद्दीन ऐबक
अंतिम शासक ➛ मुइज़ुद्दिन क़ैकाबाद 

❑ खिलजी वंश 
संस्थापक ➛ जलाल उद्दीन 
अंतिम शासक ➛ खुसरो खान

❑ तुगलक वंश
संस्थापक ➛ गियाज़ुद्दिन तुगलक
अंतिम शासक ➛ फिरोज शाह तुगलक

❑ लोधी वंश
संस्थापक ➛ बहलोल लोधी
अंतिम शासक  ➛ इब्रहीम लोधी

❑ मुगल वंश
 संस्थापक ➛ बाबर 
अंतिम शासक ➛ बहादुर शाह द्वितीय

Also Read:-

प्राचीन भारत का इतिहास सामान्य ज्ञान प्रश्नोत्तरी DAILY MCQ GK



Q1. मोहनजोदड़ो में सबसे बड़ा भवन कौन-सा है?

(a) विशाल स्नानागार
(b) धान्यागार
(c) सस्तंभ हॉल
(d) दो मंजिला मकान
Ans: (b)✅

Q2. सिंधु घाटी सभ्यता की प्रमुख विशेषता थी :

(a) नगर सभ्यता
(b) कृषिक सभ्यता
(c) मध्यपाषाण सभ्यता
(d) पुरापाषाण सभ्यता
Ans:(a)✅

Q3.सिंधु घाटी सभ्यता का पत्तननगर (बन्दरगाह) कौन-सा है?

(a) कालीबंगन
(b) लोथल
(c) रोपड़
(d) मोहनजोदडो
Ans: (b)✅

Q4. निम्नलिखित विद्वानों में से ‘हड़प्पा सभ्यता’ का सर्वप्रथम खोजकर्ता कौन था?

(a) सर जान. मार्शल
(b) आर. डी. बनर्जी
(c) ए.कनिघम
(d) दयाराम साहनी
Ans: (d)✅

Q5. निम्नलिखित में से किस द्रव्य का उपयोग हड़प्पा-काल की मुद्राओं के निर्माण में मुख्य रूप से किया गया था?

(a) टेराकोटा
(b) काँसा
(c) ताँबा
(d) लोहा
Ans:(a)✅

Q6. निम्नलिखित में से कौन हड़प्पा संस्कृति के अध्ययन के साथ संबद्ध नहींहै?

(a) चार्ल्स मैसन
(b) कनिंघम
(c) एम.व्हीलर
(d) पी.एस. वत्स
Ans: (d)✅

Q7. हड़प्पा की सभ्यता किस युग की थी?

(a) कांस्य युग
(b) नवपाषाण युग
(c) पुरापाषाण युग
(d) लौह युग
Ans:(a)✅

Q8. हड़प्पा-वासी किस वस्तु के उत्पादन में अग्रणी थे?

(a) मुद्राएँ
(b) कांसे के औजार
(c) कपास
(d) जौ
Ans: (c)✅

Q9. हड़प्पा के निवासी

(a) ग्रामीण थे
(b) शहरी थे
(c) यायावर (खानाबदोश) थे
(d) जनजातीय थे
Ans: (b)✅

10. सिंधु घाटी की सभ्यता के लोगों का मुख्य व्यवसाय क्या था?

(a) व्यापार
(b) पशु-पालन
(c) शिकार
(d) कृषि
Ans: (d)✅

Friday, 18 February 2022

Top 50 Mix Gk

Top 50 Mix Gk 📚

1. सांची के स्तूप का निर्माण किसने कराया
-- अशोक ने

2. मेगस्थनीज ने किसके दूत के रूप चन्द्रगुप्त मौर्य के दरबार में 
आया था
-- सेल्यूकस

3. मुद्रा राक्षस किसने लिखी थी
-- विशाखदत्त

4. अशोक ने अपने पुत्र महेन्द्र व पुत्री संघमित्रा को कहां भेजा
-- श्रीलंका

5. कौनसा मौर्य सम्राट जैन धर्म ग्रहण करके श्रवण बेलगोला 
चला गया
-- चन्द्रगुप्त मौर्य

6. अन्तिम मौर्य समा्रट कौन था
-- बृहद्रथ

7. महाभाष्य के लेखक
-- पंतजलि

8. पंतजालि किसके दरबार में था
-- पुष्यमित्र शुंग के

9. कनिष्क किस वंश का शासक था
-- कुषागवंश का

10. कनिष्क की राजधानी कहां थी
-- पुरूषपुर

11. भारत में सबसे पहले सूर्य किस राज्य में निकलता है?
-- अरुणाचल प्रदेश 

12. भारत का सर्वोच सम्मान कौन सा है?
-- भारत रत्न 

13. भारत रत्न से सम्मानित प्रथम भारतीय महिला कौन थी?
-- इंदिरा गाँधी (1971 में)

14. भारत में मानसून सबसे पहले कहा आता है?
-- केरल राज्य में (जून के प्रथम सप्ताह में)

15. भगवान बुद्ध को ज्ञान की प्राप्ति किस स्थान पर हुआ था?
-- बोधगया 

16. भारत का प्रथम गवर्नर जनरल कौन था?
-- लार्ड विलियम बैंटिक 

17. चन्द्रमा पर मानव भेजने वाला प्रथम देश कौन है? 
-- संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका (U.S.A)

18. रतौंधी किस विटामिन की कमी के कारण होता है?
-- विटामिन A के कारण 

19. कागज का अविष्कार किस देश ने किया?
-- चीन (China) ने 

20. सौर प्रणाली के खोजकर्ता कौन है?

-- कॉपरनिक्स

21. हिंदी भाषा की लिपि कौन सी है?
-- देवनागरी लिपि 

22. इंसुलिन का प्रयोग किस बीमारी के इलाज के लिए प्रयोग किया जाता है?
-- मधुमेह के इलाज में 

23. भारत में सर्वाधिक वर्षा कहा होती है? 
-- मासिनराम (मेघालय) में 

24. भारत की पहली महिला शाशिका कौन थी?
-- रजिया सुल्तान बेगम 

25. टेलीविजन का आविष्कार किसने किया था?
-- जॉन लोगी बेयर्ड ने 

26. जलियावाला बाग हत्याकांड कहा और कब हुआ था?
-- अमृतसर (1919 ई०) में 

27. सर्वाधिक चमकीला एवं गर्म ग्रह कौन सा है?
-- शुक्र ग्रह

28. भारत-पाकिस्तान के बीच की सीमा रेखा कौन सी है?
-- रेडक्लिफ रेखा 

29. मछलिया अपना साँस किसकी सहायता से लेती है?
-- गलफड़ो की सहायता से 

30. भारत की प्रथम महिला राज्यपाल कौन थी?
-- सरोजनी नायडु

31. 'ब्रह्म समाज' के संस्थापक कौन थे?
-- राजाराम मोहन राय

32. भारतीय अंतरिक्ष कार्यक्रम के जनक कौन है?
-- डॉ. विक्रम साराभाई 

33. 'तुम मुझे खून दो, मै तुम्हे आज़ादी दूंगा' का नारा किसने दिया?
-- सुभाष चन्द्र बोस ने

34. बक्सर का युद्ध कब हुआ था?
-- 1764 ई० में 

35. माउंट एवेरेस्ट पर दो बार चढ़ने वाली प्रथम महिला कौन थी?
-- संतोष यादव 

36. वास्कोडिगामा का भारत आगमन कब हुआ था?
-- 1498 ई० में 

37. सिख धर्म के संस्थापक कौन माने जाते है?
-- गुरु नानक

38. भारत का स्विट्ज़रलैंड किस राज्य को कहा जाता है? 
-- कश्मीर

39. स्वर्ण मंदिर कहा स्थित है?
-- अमृतसर 

40. वास्कोडिगामा कहा का रहने वाला था?
-- पुर्तगाल 

41. 'लौह पुरुष' किस महापुरुष को कहा जाता है?
-- सरदार बल्लभ भाई पटेल को 

42. सर्वाधिक सीमाओं वाला देश कौन सा है?
-- चीन (China)

43. 'महाभारत' के रचियता कौन है?
-- महर्षि वेदव्यास जी 

44. क्षेत्रफल की दृष्टि से भारत का सबसे बड़ा राज्य कौन सा है?
-- राजस्थान 

45. भारत में सैनिको को दिया जाने वाला सबसे बड़ा सैनिक सम्मान कौन सा है?
-- परमवीर चक्र 

46. ओणम भारत के किस राज्य का प्रसिद्ध त्यौहार है?
-- केरल का 

47. जनसंख्या एवं क्षेत्रफल की दृष्टि से विश्व का सबसे छोटा देश कौन सा है?
-- वेटिकन सिटी 

48. पंजाबी भाषा किस लिपि में लिखी जाती है?
-- गुरुमुखी लिपि में 

49. 'कलाम का सिपाही' किसे कहा जाता है?
-- मुंशी प्रेमचंद को 

50. भारत का सबसे प्रथम विश्वविद्यालय कौन सा है और उसकी स्थापना कब हुई?
-- नालंदा विश्वविद्यालय (450 ई० पू.)

Thursday, 17 February 2022

Martyrs' Day or Shaheed Diwas

 The most important Martyrs’ Day is celebrated on January 30, the death anniversary of Mahatma Gandhi. The second most popular Martyrs’ Day is on March 23, the day when Bhagat Singh, Rajguru and Sukhdev were hanged in 1931.

The President, the Vice-President, the Prime Minister, and the Defence Minister assemble at the Samadhi of Mahatma Gandhi at Raj Ghat memorial on January 30 and pay respects to Indian martyrs and Mahatma Gandhi. People observe a two-minute silence in the memory of Indian freedom fighters who sacrificed their lives.

Many schools organise functions on this day and students perform patriotic songs and plays.

There are a total of seven Martyrs’ Days celebrated in India. Here’s what you should know about them:

1. January 30

Martyr’s Day is celebrated on this day to remember Mahatma Gandhi on his death anniversary.

After India became independent in 1947, Gandhi continued to promote peace and brotherhood In the nation and carried on his work to preach nonviolence as a means towards political and social progress.

This earned him the title of ‘Father of the Nation’ and he became famous for his peaceful policies across the world. He had led several agitations which helped India achieve independence.

On January 30, 1948, he was assassinated by Nathuram Godse during the evening prayers at Gandhi Smriti at the Birla House.

The day was then declared as Shaheed Diwas by the central government.


2. March 23

On March 23, 1930, Bhagat Singh, Shivaram Rajguru, and Sukhdev Thapar were hanged to death by the British in Lahore Jail.

He and his two companions had gotten a murder charge thrown at them by the British after they threw smoke bombs and political handouts at the Central Legislative Assembly on April 8, 1929, while shouting slogan ‘Inqilab Zindabad’.

The trio’s bent towards revolution was markedly different from Gandhi’s nonviolence-related policies. But their work was crucial in achieving freedom from the hands of the British.

Martyrs’ Day is celebrated on March 23 to remember these brave, young freedom fighters.

3. May 19

Shaheed Diwas is celebrated on May 19 in Assam to remember the 15 people who were killed by the state police on May 19, 1961, at Silchar railway station.

The event took place as part of Barak Valley’s Bengali Language Movement, a protest against the Assam government’s decision to make Assamese the only official language of the state even though a large chunk of the population were Sylheti-speaking Bengalis.

The day was designated as Bhasha Shaheed Diwas or Language Martyrs’ Day.

4. July 13

Jammu and Kashmir celebrates July 13 as Kashmir Martyrs Day to remember 22 people who were killed by royal soldiers on July 13, 1931, when demonstrating against the rule of Maharaja Hari Singh of Kashmir.

5. November 17

Odisha celebrates November 17 as Shaheed Diwas or Martyrs’ Day to remember famous freedom fighter Lala Lajpat Rai on his death anniversary.

Also known as the ‘Lion of Punjab’, Lala Lajpat Rai was instrumental in gaining India’s independence.

Rai led a non-violent protest against the Simon Commission when it visited Lahore in 1928. The police struck back with a lethal lathi charge and Lala Lajpat Rai was grievously injured.

He eventually died on November 17, 1928, of a heart attack.

6. November 19

Jhansi celebrates November 19, the birth anniversary of Rami Lakshmibai, as Martyrs’ Day.

The great queen of the Maratha-ruled princely state of Jhansi sacrificed her life during the 1857 revolt.


Brief Glimpse of Goa :

 History of Goa

Goa is one of the Indian states that remained under colonial rule for 451 years. The history of Goa dates back to the 3rd century. Several dynasties ruled over Goa: Mauryas was the first, then followed by the Satvahanas, Chalukyas, and in the end, the Shilharas and Kadambas. Goa passed into the hands of the Mughals in 1312. In 1510, the Portuguese captured Goa, and in 1961 Goa attained freedom from the Portuguese. However, in 1987 it got the status of statehood.

Goa has numerous historical monuments and eye-catching sights. For the historically inclined, Goa is just ethereal. There are several Churches in Goa that testify to the rich historical past of the city. Some of the famous Churches in Goa are; Mary Immaculate Conception, Reis Magos Church, St. Anne Church, Church of St. Augustine, St. Paul Church, etc. Goa is also home to numerous forts and museums that offer glimpses of a culturally rich state.

Weather in Goa


The weather in Goa somehow remains moderate. Goa lies in the tropical zone and is also bordered by the Arabian Sea on the West. It experiences hot and humid weather throughout the year. But the one good thing about the state is that its temperature is always under control. Neither do the summers get very hot or do the winters get extremely cold.

Beaches in Goa


Goa is home to some of the finest beaches in the world. One of the reasons for the popularity of Goa is its sun-kissed beaches. The Goa beaches have an abundance of not only clear waters and shimmering sands but flea markets and open shacks that sell mouthwatering Goan cuisine along with a whole lot of music and dance. Goa has two parts North and South. The beaches are also divided accordingly.

The beaches in North Goa are meant for the party lovers, whereas the South Goa beaches are more serene and tranquil and act as ideal spots for couples in search of privacy. Some of the most stunning beaches in Goa are Candolim Beach, Baga, Arambol, Vagator, Benaulim Beach, and Palolem Beach.

Tourist Attractions in Goa


  • Fort Aguada
  • Basilica de Bom Jesus
  • Chapora Fort
  • Secretariat from the array of history and culture
  • Church & Convent of St Francis of Assisi
  • Church of Our Lady of the Rosary and Royal Chapel of St Anthony
  • Church of Our Lady of Immaculate Conception
  • Ancestral Goa museum
  • Bhagwan Mahavir Wildlife Sanctuary and
  • Salim Ali Bird Sanctuary

When to Visit Goa


Tourists mostly flock to Goa during the winter months. Another good time to visit Goa would be during the Monsoons. Planning a trip to this state should be avoided in May as this is the hottest month with the mercury shooting up to 35 °C.

How to Reach Goa


Goa is well-connected by a broad network. Travelling to Goa is extremely easy as it is connected with several national and state highways. The roads in Goa are pretty decent, which makes travelling a lot easier. The best way to travel to Goa is by bus from Mumbai or Pune. The journey is very smooth and offers some of the most enthralling visual sights.

Goa is well linked to the other parts of the country by rail. Cities like Mumbai, Chennai, and Pune share a strong railway network with Goa. Numerous trains travel to Goa almost daily from these cities. Some of the trains that travel frequently to Goa include; the Mas Vasco Express, Cstm Karwar Express, Cstm Karwar Spl, and the Ernakulam Express. Trains from Mumbai generally take about 9 hours to Goa. Goa has two major railway stations situated at Margao and Vasco-da-Gama.

The best way to travel to Goa is by flight. Almost all the important cities in India share a good air network with Goa.

Most of the domestic and international flights fly to and from Goa. Some of the popular flights to Goa include; Air India, Spicejet, Jet Airways, Indian Airlines, Indigo, Air Deccan, and Go Air.

Goa State Information

CapitalPanaji
Date of formation30 May, 1987
GovernorBhagat Singh Koshyari (additional charge)
Chief MinisterPramod Sawant
Tourist attractionsAnjuna, Arambol, Basilica of Born Jesus, Se Cathedral
FestivalsCarnival, Feast of St. Francis Xavier, Shigmotsav, Bonderam Festival
Major dance and music formsShigmo dance, Manddo, Durpod
Arts and craftsTerracotta or baked clay figurines, utensils etc; crochet tablecloths, curtains, covers, handkerchiefs; cane and bamboo fish traps, mats, baskets.
LanguagesKonkani, Marathi
Size3,702 sq. km
Population (Census 2011)1458545
RiversMandovi, Zuari, Terekhol, Chapora, Sal, and others
Forests and wildlife sanctuariesBondla WS, Mollem NP, Dr Salim Ali Bird Sanctuary, Cotigoa WS, and many more
State animalGaur
State birdFlame-throated bulbul
State treeCoconut palm Cocos nucifera Matti Terminalia crenulata
Major cropsPaddy, ragi, maize, cashew
FactoidsGoa, Daman and Diu were liberated in 1961 and officially became a part of India in 1962.
No. of District2

Caste census: 27% quota for Other Backward Classes (OBC)

 Last month, the Supreme Court upheld the 27% quota for Other Backward Classes (OBC) in the All-India Quota seats for the National Eligibility-cum-Entrance Test and reiterated that reservations for backward classes were not an exception but an extension of the principle of equality under Article 15(1) of the Constitution.

  • This is seen as a positive discrimination in the Indian Context.

What’s the issue in Caste Census?

Despite the underlying good intentions, positive discrimination has been a controversial topic. Many oppose affirmative actions like reservation; they believe that such provisions only perpetuate caste differences and they call for a “casteless society”.

  • But, as Justice D.Y. Chandrachud pointed out, “castelessness” is a privilege that only the upper caste can afford because their caste privilege has already translated into social, political and economic capital.
  • On the other hand, individuals who belong to the lower castes must retain their caste identity in order to claim the benefits of measures such as reservation, which recognize historic harm.

What is needed to be done?

the faith of our citizens cannot be restored until credible exercises of data collection are undertaken regarding caste.

  • Even though data concerning the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes have been included in the Census, there is no similar data on OBCs.
  • The Socio-Economic and Caste Census (SECC) conducted in 2011 has been called “faulty” and “unreliable”.
  • Even the Mandal Commission’s recommendations were criticised as being based merely on the “personal knowledge” of the members of the commission and sample surveys.

Why we deed for a caste- based census?

The Union government had told the Supreme Court that the caste-based data enumerated in the Socio-Economic Caste Census (SECC) of 2011 was “unusable”, but in 2016, the Registrar-General and Census Commissioner of India had informed the Standing Committee on Rural Development that 98.87% of the data on individual caste and religion was “error free”.

Why is the data “unusable” according to the government sources?

  • The government had said that the total number of castes surveyed in 1931 was 4,147, while the SECC figures show that there are more than 46 lakh different castes. Assuming that some castes may bifurcate into sub-castes, the total number can not be exponentially high to this extent.
  • The entire exercise was corrupted because the enumerators had used different spellings for the same castes. In many cases the respondents, the government said, had refused to divulge their castes 

Supreme Court observations in this matter-

In the Indra Sawhney case, the Supreme Court held that the States must conclude the “backwardness” of a particular class of people only after proper assessment and objective evaluation.

  • It held that such a conclusion must be subject to periodic review by a permanent body of experts.

How have caste details been collected so far in India?

  1. While SC/ST details are collected as part of the census, details of other castes are not collected by the enumerators. The main method is by self-declaration to the enumerator.
  2. So far, backward classes commissions in various States have been conducting their own counts to ascertain the population of backward castes.

What kind of  data is published in the Census?

Every Census in independent India from 1951 to 2011 has published data on Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, but not on other castes. Before that, every Census until 1931 had data on caste.

What is SECC 2011?

The Socio-Economic Caste Census of 2011 was a major exercise to obtain data about the socio-economic status of various communities.

  • It had two components: a survey of the rural and urban households and ranking of these households based on pre-set parameters, and a caste census.
  • However, only the details of the economic conditions of the people in rural and urban households were released. The caste data has not been released till now.

Difference between Census & SECC:

  • The Census provides a portrait of the Indian population, while the SECC is a tool to identify beneficiaries of state support.
  • Since the Census falls under the Census Act of 1948, all data are considered confidential, whereas all the personal information given in the SECC is open for use by Government departments to grant and/or restrict benefits to households.

Pros of caste census:

The precise number of the population of each caste would help tailor the reservation policy to ensure equitable representation of all of them.

Concerns associated:

  • There is a possibility that it will lead to heartburn among some sections and spawn demands for larger or separate quotas.
  • It has been alleged that the mere act of labelling persons as belonging to a caste tends to perpetuate the system.

Wednesday, 16 February 2022

Anti-mob lynching bills: why in news? recent incidents of mob lynching

 Bills passed against mob lynching in the past four years by at least four States have not been implemented with the Union government taking a view that lynching is not defined as a crime under the Indian Penal Code (IPC).

  • These states include Jharkhand, Rajasthan, West Bengal and Manipur.

Why have the bills been delayed so much?

In 2019, the MHA informed the Lok Sabha that it had received the bills passed by the State legislatures that have been reserved by the Governor for consideration of the President.

  • The President has to go with the advice given by the Council of Ministers, in the case of such legislation, represented by the MHA.
  • The Ministry examines the State legislations on three grounds— repugnancy with Central laws, deviation from national or central policy and legal and constitutional validity. 

Recent incidents of mob lynching in India

  • In December 2021, a man was lynched to death by the Sikh Sangat (Sikh devotees) in Shri Harmandir Sahib Gurudwara (Golden Temple) in Amritsar over an alleged attempt to disrespect the holiest book of Sikh religion, Shri Guru Granth Sahib Ji.
  • In 2021 in Assam, a 23-year-old student leader was allegedly killed by a mob.
  • In 2021 October a man was allegedly lynched, his limbs cut off and left to die at the Singhu Border, site of the farmers’ protest against the three farm laws.
  • In 2021 August, a bangle seller in Indore was reportedly beaten up by a mob for allegedly hiding his identity.
  • The man survived and was sent to judicial custody.
  • In 2021 May, a 25-year-old Gurugram man was allegedly lynched when he went out to buy medicines. 

What is meant by Lynching? Why in news ?

Any act or series of acts of violence or aiding, abetting (encouraging) such act/acts thereof, whether spontaneous or planned, by a mob on the grounds of religion, race, caste, sex, place of birth, language, dietary practices, sexual orientation, political affiliation, ethnicity or any other related grounds. 

How are these cases handled?

There is “no separate” definition for such incidents under the existing IPC. Lynching incidents can be dealt with under Section 300 and 302 of IPC.

  • Section 302 provides that whoever commits murder shall be punished with death or imprisonment for life and shall also be liable to fine. Offence of murder is a cognisable, non- bailable and non-compoundable offence.

SC guidelines about mob lynching

  • There should be a “separate offence” for lynching and the trial courts must ordinarily award maximum sentence upon conviction of the accused person to set a stern example in cases of mob violence.
  • The state governments will have to designate a senior police officer in each district for taking measures to prevent incidents of mob violence and lynching.
  • The state governments need to identify districts, sub-divisions and villageswhere instances of lynching and mob violence have been reported in the recent past.
  • The nodal officers shall bring to the notice of the DGP about any inter-district co-ordination issues for devising a strategy to tackle lynching and mob violence related issues.
  • Every police officer shall ensure to disperse the mob that has a tendency to cause violence in the disguise of vigilantism or otherwise.
  • Central and the state governments shall broadcast on radio, television and other media platforms about the serious consequences of mob lynching and mob violence.
  • Despite the measures taken by the State Police, if it comes to the notice of the local police that an incident of lynching or mob violence has taken place, the jurisdictional police station shall immediately lodge an FIR.
  • The State Governments shall prepare a lynching/mob violence victim compensation scheme in the light of the provisions of Section 357A of CrPC.
  • If a police officer or an officer of the district administration fails to fulfill his duty, it will be considered an act of deliberate negligence.