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Wednesday, 2 March 2022
भारतीय संविधान की मुख्य विशेषताएं:
राजवंशों के संस्थापक और अंतिम सम्राट
- सामान्य विज्ञान महत्वपूर्ण प्रश्नोत्तरी
- Mix Gk important question
- National Girl Child Day: 3 lesser-known daughters of India who shaped the nation
- वैज्ञानिक उपकरण एवं उनके उपयोग
- Haryana private sector quota law
- One Line Samanya Gyan
- H5N1 bird flu Outbreak in Patna & Maharashtra
- Mumbai Water Tax
- Second Advance Estimates of Production of Major Crops
- UJALA and SLNP completes six years of Illuminating India
प्राचीन भारत का इतिहास सामान्य ज्ञान प्रश्नोत्तरी DAILY MCQ GK
Friday, 18 February 2022
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Thursday, 17 February 2022
Martyrs' Day or Shaheed Diwas
The most important Martyrs’ Day is celebrated on January 30, the death anniversary of Mahatma Gandhi. The second most popular Martyrs’ Day is on March 23, the day when Bhagat Singh, Rajguru and Sukhdev were hanged in 1931.
The President, the Vice-President, the Prime Minister, and the Defence Minister assemble at the Samadhi of Mahatma Gandhi at Raj Ghat memorial on January 30 and pay respects to Indian martyrs and Mahatma Gandhi. People observe a two-minute silence in the memory of Indian freedom fighters who sacrificed their lives.
Many schools organise functions on this day and students perform patriotic songs and plays.
There are a total of seven Martyrs’ Days celebrated in India. Here’s what you should know about them:
1. January 30
Martyr’s Day is celebrated on this day to remember Mahatma Gandhi on his death anniversary.
After India became independent in 1947, Gandhi continued to promote peace and brotherhood In the nation and carried on his work to preach nonviolence as a means towards political and social progress.
This earned him the title of ‘Father of the Nation’ and he became famous for his peaceful policies across the world. He had led several agitations which helped India achieve independence.
On January 30, 1948, he was assassinated by Nathuram Godse during the evening prayers at Gandhi Smriti at the Birla House.
The day was then declared as Shaheed Diwas by the central government.
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2. March 23
On March 23, 1930, Bhagat Singh, Shivaram Rajguru, and Sukhdev Thapar were hanged to death by the British in Lahore Jail.
He and his two companions had gotten a murder charge thrown at them by the British after they threw smoke bombs and political handouts at the Central Legislative Assembly on April 8, 1929, while shouting slogan ‘Inqilab Zindabad’.
The trio’s bent towards revolution was markedly different from Gandhi’s nonviolence-related policies. But their work was crucial in achieving freedom from the hands of the British.
Martyrs’ Day is celebrated on March 23 to remember these brave, young freedom fighters.
3. May 19
Shaheed Diwas is celebrated on May 19 in Assam to remember the 15 people who were killed by the state police on May 19, 1961, at Silchar railway station.
The event took place as part of Barak Valley’s Bengali Language Movement, a protest against the Assam government’s decision to make Assamese the only official language of the state even though a large chunk of the population were Sylheti-speaking Bengalis.
The day was designated as Bhasha Shaheed Diwas or Language Martyrs’ Day.
4. July 13
Jammu and Kashmir celebrates July 13 as Kashmir Martyrs Day to remember 22 people who were killed by royal soldiers on July 13, 1931, when demonstrating against the rule of Maharaja Hari Singh of Kashmir.
5. November 17
Odisha celebrates November 17 as Shaheed Diwas or Martyrs’ Day to remember famous freedom fighter Lala Lajpat Rai on his death anniversary.
Also known as the ‘Lion of Punjab’, Lala Lajpat Rai was instrumental in gaining India’s independence.
Rai led a non-violent protest against the Simon Commission when it visited Lahore in 1928. The police struck back with a lethal lathi charge and Lala Lajpat Rai was grievously injured.
He eventually died on November 17, 1928, of a heart attack.
6. November 19
Jhansi celebrates November 19, the birth anniversary of Rami Lakshmibai, as Martyrs’ Day.
The great queen of the Maratha-ruled princely state of Jhansi sacrificed her life during the 1857 revolt.
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Brief Glimpse of Goa :
History of Goa
Weather in Goa
Beaches in Goa
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Tourist Attractions in Goa
- Fort Aguada
- Basilica de Bom Jesus
- Chapora Fort
- Secretariat from the array of history and culture
- Church & Convent of St Francis of Assisi
- Church of Our Lady of the Rosary and Royal Chapel of St Anthony
- Church of Our Lady of Immaculate Conception
- Ancestral Goa museum
- Bhagwan Mahavir Wildlife Sanctuary and
- Salim Ali Bird Sanctuary
When to Visit Goa
How to Reach Goa
Goa State Information | |
|---|---|
| Capital | Panaji |
| Date of formation | 30 May, 1987 |
| Governor | Bhagat Singh Koshyari (additional charge) |
| Chief Minister | Pramod Sawant |
| Tourist attractions | Anjuna, Arambol, Basilica of Born Jesus, Se Cathedral |
| Festivals | Carnival, Feast of St. Francis Xavier, Shigmotsav, Bonderam Festival |
| Major dance and music forms | Shigmo dance, Manddo, Durpod |
| Arts and crafts | Terracotta or baked clay figurines, utensils etc; crochet tablecloths, curtains, covers, handkerchiefs; cane and bamboo fish traps, mats, baskets. |
| Languages | Konkani, Marathi |
| Size | 3,702 sq. km |
| Population (Census 2011) | 1458545 |
| Rivers | Mandovi, Zuari, Terekhol, Chapora, Sal, and others |
| Forests and wildlife sanctuaries | Bondla WS, Mollem NP, Dr Salim Ali Bird Sanctuary, Cotigoa WS, and many more |
| State animal | Gaur |
| State bird | Flame-throated bulbul |
| State tree | Coconut palm Cocos nucifera Matti Terminalia crenulata |
| Major crops | Paddy, ragi, maize, cashew |
| Factoids | Goa, Daman and Diu were liberated in 1961 and officially became a part of India in 1962. |
| No. of District | 2 |
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Caste census: 27% quota for Other Backward Classes (OBC)
Last month, the Supreme Court upheld the 27% quota for Other Backward Classes (OBC) in the All-India Quota seats for the National Eligibility-cum-Entrance Test and reiterated that reservations for backward classes were not an exception but an extension of the principle of equality under Article 15(1) of the Constitution.
- This is seen as a positive discrimination in the Indian Context.
What’s the issue in Caste Census?
Despite the underlying good intentions, positive discrimination has been a controversial topic. Many oppose affirmative actions like reservation; they believe that such provisions only perpetuate caste differences and they call for a “casteless society”.
- But, as Justice D.Y. Chandrachud pointed out, “castelessness” is a privilege that only the upper caste can afford because their caste privilege has already translated into social, political and economic capital.
- On the other hand, individuals who belong to the lower castes must retain their caste identity in order to claim the benefits of measures such as reservation, which recognize historic harm.
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What is needed to be done?
the faith of our citizens cannot be restored until credible exercises of data collection are undertaken regarding caste.
- Even though data concerning the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes have been included in the Census, there is no similar data on OBCs.
- The Socio-Economic and Caste Census (SECC) conducted in 2011 has been called “faulty” and “unreliable”.
- Even the Mandal Commission’s recommendations were criticised as being based merely on the “personal knowledge” of the members of the commission and sample surveys.
Why we deed for a caste- based census?
The Union government had told the Supreme Court that the caste-based data enumerated in the Socio-Economic Caste Census (SECC) of 2011 was “unusable”, but in 2016, the Registrar-General and Census Commissioner of India had informed the Standing Committee on Rural Development that 98.87% of the data on individual caste and religion was “error free”.
Why is the data “unusable” according to the government sources?
- The government had said that the total number of castes surveyed in 1931 was 4,147, while the SECC figures show that there are more than 46 lakh different castes. Assuming that some castes may bifurcate into sub-castes, the total number can not be exponentially high to this extent.
- The entire exercise was corrupted because the enumerators had used different spellings for the same castes. In many cases the respondents, the government said, had refused to divulge their castes
Supreme Court observations in this matter-
In the Indra Sawhney case, the Supreme Court held that the States must conclude the “backwardness” of a particular class of people only after proper assessment and objective evaluation.- It held that such a conclusion must be subject to periodic review by a permanent body of experts.
How have caste details been collected so far in India?
- While SC/ST details are collected as part of the census, details of other castes are not collected by the enumerators. The main method is by self-declaration to the enumerator.
- So far, backward classes commissions in various States have been conducting their own counts to ascertain the population of backward castes.
What kind of data is published in the Census?
Every Census in independent India from 1951 to 2011 has published data on Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, but not on other castes. Before that, every Census until 1931 had data on caste.
What is SECC 2011?
The Socio-Economic Caste Census of 2011 was a major exercise to obtain data about the socio-economic status of various communities.
- It had two components: a survey of the rural and urban households and ranking of these households based on pre-set parameters, and a caste census.
- However, only the details of the economic conditions of the people in rural and urban households were released. The caste data has not been released till now.
Difference between Census & SECC:
- The Census provides a portrait of the Indian population, while the SECC is a tool to identify beneficiaries of state support.
- Since the Census falls under the Census Act of 1948, all data are considered confidential, whereas all the personal information given in the SECC is open for use by Government departments to grant and/or restrict benefits to households.
Pros of caste census:
The precise number of the population of each caste would help tailor the reservation policy to ensure equitable representation of all of them.
Concerns associated:
- There is a possibility that it will lead to heartburn among some sections and spawn demands for larger or separate quotas.
- It has been alleged that the mere act of labelling persons as belonging to a caste tends to perpetuate the system.
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Wednesday, 16 February 2022
Anti-mob lynching bills: why in news? recent incidents of mob lynching
Bills passed against mob lynching in the past four years by at least four States have not been implemented with the Union government taking a view that lynching is not defined as a crime under the Indian Penal Code (IPC).
- These states include Jharkhand, Rajasthan, West Bengal and Manipur.
Why have the bills been delayed so much?
In 2019, the MHA informed the Lok Sabha that it had received the bills passed by the State legislatures that have been reserved by the Governor for consideration of the President.
- The President has to go with the advice given by the Council of Ministers, in the case of such legislation, represented by the MHA.
- The Ministry examines the State legislations on three grounds— repugnancy with Central laws, deviation from national or central policy and legal and constitutional validity.
Recent incidents of mob lynching in India
- In December 2021, a man was lynched to death by the Sikh Sangat (Sikh devotees) in Shri Harmandir Sahib Gurudwara (Golden Temple) in Amritsar over an alleged attempt to disrespect the holiest book of Sikh religion, Shri Guru Granth Sahib Ji.
- In 2021 in Assam, a 23-year-old student leader was allegedly killed by a mob.
- In 2021 October a man was allegedly lynched, his limbs cut off and left to die at the Singhu Border, site of the farmers’ protest against the three farm laws.
- In 2021 August, a bangle seller in Indore was reportedly beaten up by a mob for allegedly hiding his identity.
- The man survived and was sent to judicial custody.
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- In 2021 May, a 25-year-old Gurugram man was allegedly lynched when he went out to buy medicines.
What is meant by Lynching? Why in news ?
Any act or series of acts of violence or aiding, abetting (encouraging) such act/acts thereof, whether spontaneous or planned, by a mob on the grounds of religion, race, caste, sex, place of birth, language, dietary practices, sexual orientation, political affiliation, ethnicity or any other related grounds.
How are these cases handled?
There is “no separate” definition for such incidents under the existing IPC. Lynching incidents can be dealt with under Section 300 and 302 of IPC.
- Section 302 provides that whoever commits murder shall be punished with death or imprisonment for life and shall also be liable to fine. Offence of murder is a cognisable, non- bailable and non-compoundable offence.
SC guidelines about mob lynching
- There should be a “separate offence” for lynching and the trial courts must ordinarily award maximum sentence upon conviction of the accused person to set a stern example in cases of mob violence.
- The state governments will have to designate a senior police officer in each district for taking measures to prevent incidents of mob violence and lynching.
- The state governments need to identify districts, sub-divisions and villageswhere instances of lynching and mob violence have been reported in the recent past.
- The nodal officers shall bring to the notice of the DGP about any inter-district co-ordination issues for devising a strategy to tackle lynching and mob violence related issues.
- Every police officer shall ensure to disperse the mob that has a tendency to cause violence in the disguise of vigilantism or otherwise.
- Central and the state governments shall broadcast on radio, television and other media platforms about the serious consequences of mob lynching and mob violence.
- Despite the measures taken by the State Police, if it comes to the notice of the local police that an incident of lynching or mob violence has taken place, the jurisdictional police station shall immediately lodge an FIR.
- The State Governments shall prepare a lynching/mob violence victim compensation scheme in the light of the provisions of Section 357A of CrPC.
- If a police officer or an officer of the district administration fails to fulfill his duty, it will be considered an act of deliberate negligence.
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